欧洲文化入门课件.ppt

1、An Introduction to European Culture,Purposes of the course,Improve English learning Upgrade personal quality Prepare for graduate program Promote intercultural competence Broaden your vision for future and life.,Characteristics of the Course,Wide Coverage of many fields: astronomy, geography, litera

2、ture, history, religion, philosophy, political thoughts, art (paining, music, architecture, sculpture), science, etc. Knowing something of everything, not everything of something Only a taste,Focus of Study,Historical background of every period Major events (wars, invasions, reforms, revolutions, so

3、cial changes,etc.) Ideologies (main assumptions) Prominent historical figures (political, literary, religious, scientific, artistic) Literary and artistic styles (main characteristics),Contents: Division 1-10 Attendance Evaluation (paper and written exam),Abilities needed and to be developed,Memoriz

4、ation (names, times, etc.) Comprehension (ideas and ideologies) Compare and contrast (east and west) Critical thinking (why Europe leads the world in many ways) Personal analysis and synthesis,How can you learn the course well?,To establish two lines which lead the journey of human history: God-cent

5、ered thoughts -Judeo-Christian thoughts Human-centered thoughts-Creco-Roman thoughts,Establish a chronological framework of world history: 1200 146 B.C.: Ancient Greece 700 B.C. 27 B.C. 395 A.D.- 476 1054- 1453: Ancient Roman Empire 476 A.D. 14th century : Medieval Age 14th C (Dante) mid-17th C (Sha

6、kespeare, English Revolution) 17th C: prodigious development of sci democracy in Athens; flourish of sci and art; civil war: Athens vs. Sparta 伯罗奔尼撒战争 (432-404 BC), declined. 336-146 BC: Hellenization period 希腊化时期 Alexander III (356-336-323 BC); center: Alexandria in Egypt; Roman conquest in 146 BC,

7、Philosophy,What is philosophy? Contending Schools of thoughts 诡辩学派 Sophists 500 B.C. 代表人物：Protagoras Man is measure of all things. Forerunner of Socratic dialectic Emphasis on ability to argue for any case regardless of its truth,Cynics：犬儒学派 300 B.C.Diogenes主张：simplicitybrotherhoodrejecting conventi

8、ons,Sceptics 不可知派PyrrhonNot all knowledge is attainable.Wise men should not judge, but should aim at balanced imperturbability.,Epicureans 伊壁鸠鲁学派EpicurusPleasure is the highest good of life,achieved through practiced virtue. Different from hedonism(享乐主义）through sensual indulgence.,Stoics 斯多葛派，禁欲主义学派

9、Zenoantithesis of Epicureansvirtue, not pleasure, is the highest good.DutyHardship,Famous philosophers and scientists,Pythagoras Heracleitue Democritus Eucid Archimedes Socrates Plato Aristotle,Literature,Lyric poetry Homer Iliad Odyssey Why is Homer important in the history of European literature?

10、Sappho Pindar,Drama religious festivals. 5th century B.C Dramatists: History,Art, architecture, sculpture and pottery,Further studies,西方文化史鉴叶胜年著 上海外语教育出版社 前车可鉴西方思想文化的兴衰 （美）华夏出版社,Ancient Rome,Period of Kings: 753-510 B.C. City of Rome set up Period of Republic: 510-27 B.C. 1) Occupation of whole Ital

11、y 2) expansion: Punic Wars （264133 B.C.）, defeating Carthage (迦太基) 3) Slave uprisings (133-27 BC.):斯巴达克斯,Period of Empire: 27 B.C. 476 A.D. 1453 27 BC. 193 AD. Pax Romana前三头：克拉苏，庞培，凯撒（Julius Caeser）后三头：雷必达，安东尼，屋大维 （Augustus Octavius）after 193: weakened, barbarian invasions (Huns, Goths, Visigoths, V

12、andals)475: split WRE and Byzantium1453: conquered by Ottoman Empire (Modern Italy: 1871),Romans N.T: in Greek (partly in Aramaic 阿拉米语),* Books in it are not systematically classified or chronologically arranged. * It contains words of God,an inspired and inspiring bookan encyclopedia (poem, history

13、, tale, moral teachings, etc.),* It is a book that was ordered to be burned, but survived every time.* It is a book translated into over 1,000 Ls and dialects.* Number One in terms of publication volume; greatly influencing Eu culture.,Classification of 66 books,Old Testament: (Hebrew History) 1. La

14、w and history 2. Prophecies 3. Poetry, drama, tales, moral teachings New Testament: (Life of Jesus Christ) 1. Gospels 2. Letters 3. Revelations The central theme binding all books: Hebrew tradition written by, meant for and about Hebrews.,GenealogyAdam Powers of sovereign is absolute; Rebellion is w

15、rong; Peace is achieved. 实质：support of monarchy 意义：against “divine right of kings.” 君权神授,J. Locke,Against divine right of kings All men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature (natural rights: survival, self-defense, private properties). Natural law means universally obligatory moral law

16、, governed by reason. Social contract: Will of the mojority; The ruler of government is one partner of the agreement; Rebellion is justified; Support of democracy; 意义：theory for Am. Revolution,English Revolution,causes: growth of capitalism; Breakdown of serfdom; Puritan movement Time: 1642-1649 (Ch

17、arles I beheaded; Stuart ended) Leader: Oliver Cromwell 克伦威尔 Charles II. Restoration: 1658 1688: Glorious Revolution (William kn. Shift from conformist to creative and adventurous; Giving impetus to national movement; Direct contact with Nature for inspiration; Pure sentiment, ideal beauty In search

18、 for subjective, spontaneous, supernatural; Eulogizing idyllic life; Escape from corrupt, polluted urban civilization; Return to nature and childlike innocence; Youth and love.,Beginning: Rousseau; Storm and Stress (德国狂飚突进运动) Corruption of capitalist society Pollution of nature after Industrial Revo

19、lution Criticism of classicism: failing to express mans emotional nature and overlooking mans profound inner force.,Active and Passive Romanticism,1. Passive Romanticists: Representative: The Lakers Wordsworth 沃兹华斯 Coleridge 科勒律治 Southey：骚塞 Characteristics: Return to nature Unrelated to national lib

20、eration movements.,2. Active Romanticists: Representatives: Byron Shelley Keats Characteristics: Showing sympathy to national liberation movements, active participation,Transcendentalism 超验主义,American Romanticism: Representatives: The Walton Amerson 爱莫生 Thoureau 梭罗,“For standing on the Persians grave;I could not deem myself a slave.”- Byron: “Isles of Greece”脚踩波斯人的坟地；就不能想象自己是奴隶。因为屹立在波斯人坟上；不能想象自己有奴隶相。,Realism (19th C),Focus on fidelity to actual experience (reality); Truthful representation of contemporary life; To expose and criticize social evils;