《系统解剖学》实验课件：Central nervous system

1、Central nervous system,Basic Divisions of Nervous System,Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system Cranial nerves Spinal nerves,the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).,Spinal cord,The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure, about 40-45 cm in

2、 length. Also, the spinal cord is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly. That is to say, in a cross-sectional view, the spinal cord is wider laterally than anteroposteriorly.,Spinal cord,Index,Gray matter: Nuclei of the cranial nerve Nuclei of the non-cranial nerve White matter: Long ascendi

3、ng pathways Long descending pathways Reticular formation,Basic Parts and of Brain,The brain is often divided into the four parts: the (1) telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), (2) diencephalon, (3) brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla), and (4) cerebellum.,Basic Parts and of Brain,Midbrain Ventra

4、l surface,Midbrain Ventral surface,Midbrain Dorsal surface,Midbrain Dorsal surface,Nuclei of cranial nerve,General somatic motor nuclei (4) Striated muscle, somites Special visceral motor nuclei (4) Striated muscle, pharyngeal arches General visceral motor nuclei (4) Smooth m. Heart m. glands Genera

5、l and special visceral sensory nucleus (1) Sensory input from viscera, taste General somatic sensory nuclei (3) Touch, pain, temperature Special somatic sensory nuclei (2) Hearing and balance,GSM,GVM,VS,SSS,SVM,GSS,Sulcus limitans,Cerebellum,Location External features Internal structures Gray matter

6、 Cerebellar cortex Central nuclei of cerebellum White matter: cerebellar peduncles Functions,Location,Posterior cranial fossa Under the tentorium cerebelli Posterior and superior to the pons and the medulla oblongata,External features,Lobes of the cerebellum Flocculonodular lobe Anterior lobe Poster

7、ior lobe,Anterior lobe,Posterior lobe,tonsil,Diencephalon,Dorsal thalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus Metathalamus Hypothalamus Third ventricle The most important structures of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and pituitary gland.,Dorsal thalamus,Ventral posteromedial nucleu

8、s (VPM) Trigeminal lemniscus Taste fibers from nucleus of solitary tract Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) Medial lemniscus Spinothalamic lemniscus,act as a relay center for auditory pathway,Lateral geniculate body,act as a relay center for visual pathway,Metathalamus,Epithalamus,The epithalamus

9、is the posterior portion of the diencephalon that forms a thin roof over the third ventricle. A small mass of tissue called the pineal gland, extends outward from the posterior end of the epithalamus. It is thought to have a neuroendocrine function.,pineal gland,Hypothalamus,The hypothalamus named f

10、or its position below the thalamus, is the most inferior portion of the diencephalon.,nuclei,Telencephalon (cerebrum),External features Internal structures,External features of cerebrum,Cerebral longitudinal fissure: between the two cerebral hemispheres Cerebral transverse fissure: between the cereb

11、rum and the cerebellum The hemisphere can be divided into four lobes and an insula.,Gyri and sulci on the superolateral surface of the hemisphere,Frontal lobe: precentral gyrus Superior, middle, inferior frontal gyri Parietal lobe: Postcentral gyrus Superior parietal lobule Inferior parietal lobule

12、Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Temporal lobe: superior, middle, inferior temporal gyri Occipital lobe: parietooccipital sulcus, calcarine sulcus,Gyri and sulci on the medial and inferior surface of the hemisphere,Paracentral lobule: Cingulate gyrus: Corpus callosum: Parietooccipital sulcus Calcar

13、ine sulcus: both sides of this sulcus is visual cortex Parahippocampal gyrus and uncus Olfactory bulb and olfactory tract,Paracentral lobule,Cingulate gyrus,Corpus callosum,Parietooccipital sulcus,Calcarine sulcus,Parahippocampal,Olfactory bulb,Functional localization of the cerebral cortex,Primary

14、somesthetic area (general sensory) Location: postcentral gyrus and the posterior part of the paracentral lobule paracentral lobule Primary motor area Location: precentral gyrus and the anterior part of the paracentral lobule Acoustic area: transverse temporal gyri Visual area: both sides of the calc

15、arine sulcus,Language areas - left cerebral hemisphere,Sensory language area: posterior part of the superior and middle temporal gyri Visual language area: angular gyrus (alexia) Motor language area or brocas area: posterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Writing area: posterior portion of the middle frontal gyrus,Language areas,Writing area,Motor language area,Visual language area,Sensory language area,Telencephalon (cerebrum),