（江苏专版）2020版高考英语专题3阅读理解第四节主旨大意题二文章或段落大意题课件牛津译林版.pptx

1、,专题三阅读理解,真题感悟,名师点津,随堂限时练,第四节主旨大意题,二、文章或段落大意题,PART 1,真题感悟,(2018江苏，B) In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consomm.Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roz

2、e as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was

3、 served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.,Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt

4、feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put o

5、n some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.,Meanwhile，things that you might e

6、xpect to discourage spending“bad” tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about bad tables，” given that theyre profitable.As for

7、crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.,语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气

8、味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。,58.The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were . A.not aware of eating more than usual B.not willing to share food with others C.not conscious of the food quality D.not fond of the food prov

9、ided,解析词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。,59.How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A.Playing classical music

10、. B.Introducing lemon scent. C.Making the light brighter. D.Using plates of larger size.,解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spent more就是对题干中make more profit的语意转化。故选A项。,60.What does the last paragraph talk about? A.Tips t

11、o attract more customers. B.Problems restaurants are faced with. C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation. D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.,解析段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“things that you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、

12、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。,PART 2,名师点津,一、文章大意题的题型解读 说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都会考查到文章大意类题。设问形式常有： (1)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this passage? (2)The passage is mainly about . (3)The general/main idea of the passage is . (4)The pass

13、age mainly focuses on .,二、文章大意题的解题技巧“主题句定位”寻主旨 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。,主题句的位置一般有以下几种： (1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演

14、绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。 (2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。 (3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。 (4)主题句出现在文中。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。,以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： (1)段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 (2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 (3)作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 (4)表示总结或结论

15、的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。,三、段落大意题的题型解读 段落大意类题型多在说明文和议论文中所涉及的各类话题如社会文化类、科普说明类等进行考查。设问形式常有： (1)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is . (2)What is the main idea of the first paragraph? (3)The first paragraph is mainly about .,四、段落大意题的解题技巧, (1)段首：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首 (

16、2)段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾 ,(3)段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，然后陈述主题，再论述细节，即引出主题段落中心再论述 (4)没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，总结段落中心 例如：【真题感悟】中第60题，根据文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带

17、来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见观点是一种误解，故选D项。,PART 3,随堂限时练,A (2019徐州高三模拟) The age of adulthood is by definition 1arbitrary.If everyone matured at the same，fixed rate，it wouldnt be a human process.Indeed，maturation happens at varying speeds across different categories within the same individual，so Id say I

18、 was easily old enough to vote at 16，but nobody should have given me a credit card until I was 32，and Ive got the county court judgment to prove it.,However，we broadly agree that theres a difference between a child and an adult，even if we might argue about the transition point.So the political theor

19、ist David Runcimans view that six-year-olds should be allowed to vote goes against any standard argument about the age of civic responsibility. Nobody would say that a six-year-old could be held criminally responsible，could be sent to war，could be capable of consent，could be given responsibility for

20、 anything.So allowing them the votealong with，unavoidably，seven-year-olds who are even sillier，if anythingis quite an amusing proposal.,10Runcimans argument is that this is the only way to rebalance political life，which is currently twisted in favor of the old，who dont (he added) ever need to demons

21、trate mental capacity，even long after theyve lost it. The first part of his case is self-evident：pensions are protected while childrens centers are closed，concepts such as sovereignty(最高权威) are prioritized over the far more urgent business of the future：climate change.Nostalgia(怀念) for a past the yo

22、ung wouldnt even recognize plays a central 6role，which is completely unfair. Most of the arguments against giving six-year-olds a vote are that children would end up voting for something damaging and chaotic，if someone made unrealistic promises to them，which could never be realized.Well，its not chil

23、drens fault.,Having said that，children do tend towards the progressive，having a natural sense of justice (which kicks in at the age of six months，psychologists have shown，by creating scenes of great unfairness to babies，and making them cry) and an underdeveloped sense of self-interest.My kid，when he

24、 was six，made quite a forceful case against 2private property，on the basis that，since everybody needed a house，they shouldnt cost money，because nobody would want anyone else not to have one.Also，food should be free.It was a kind of pre-Marx communism，where you limit the coverage of the market to onl

25、y those things that you wouldnt mind someone else not having.,On that 3particular day，when we were registered as voters，my kid was quite far to the left of me，but in the normal run of things，were united，which brings us to the point of the problem：children obey you on almost nothing，but they do seem

26、to 7believe in your politics until theyre adolescent. So giving kids the vote is really just a way of giving parents extra votes.And what can stop us having even more children，once theres so much enfranchisement(选举权) in it for us?,Now，if parents could be trusted to use their influence wisely，and ham

27、mer into children the politics it will take to assure a better future，then I wouldnt necessarily have a problem with that，apart from，obviously，that culture is already wildly twisted towards parents，and I can imagine a few non-parents boiling with fierce anger.But thats not worth talking about anyway

28、，because parents cant be trusted，otherwise wed all already vote Green(绿党). In short：no，six-year-olds should not get the vote；but while were here，if any votes come up in the near future，which will have an impact on the next five decades of British political life，alongside EU migrants，16-year-olds cer

29、tainly should be enfranchised.,语篇解读这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了儿童成熟的速度是不同的，所以作者认为允许儿童投票并不完全是荒谬的。,1.The author refers to his age of adulthood to prove that . A.people mature at different rates in various aspects B.theres a common standard for the age of adulthood C.a credit card is more difficult to get than the v

30、ote D.certain rights are granted at different stages of life,解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者以他的成年年龄来证明人们在各个方面成熟的速度不同，故选A。,2.People reject David Runcimans proposal because . A.they dont think a child can grow into adulthood earlier B.they are uncertain whether children can assume responsibility C.they believe

31、 children are far from mature in many ways D.they know the age to get the vote is not to be questioned,解析推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句的内容“没有人会说一个六岁的孩子会被追究刑事责任，会被送上战场，会有同意的能力，会被赋予任何责任。”可推断出，人们拒绝David Runciman的提议是因为他们认为孩子们在很多方面还远远不够成熟，故选C。,3.What is the base for David Runcimans argument? A.A cultural preference fo

32、r the old. B.The imbalance in political life. C.Inequalities of opportunity. D.Public ignorance of childrens abilities.,解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Runcimans argument is that this is the only way to rebalance political life.”及下文的解释可知，David Runciman的论点的基础是政治生活的不平衡，故选B。,4.The author talks about his kid to indicat

33、e that . A.children are good-natured and like to help people in need B.children are simple-minded and can fall for an adults trick C.children are innocent and dont want to be involved in politics D.children are in favor of a just society and tend to be idealistic,解析推理判断题。根据倒数第四段中的“My kid，when he was

34、 six，made quite a forceful case against private property.It was a kind of pre-Marx communism，where you limit the coverage of the market to only those things that you wouldnt mind someone else not having.”可推断出，作者以他的孩子为例来说明，孩子们喜欢一个公正的社会，并且倾向于理想主义，故选D。,5.The author thinks allowing children the vote may

35、 lead to . A.twisted culture B.misuse of rights C.parents objections D.unusual maturation,解析推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“So giving kids the vote is really just a way of giving parents extra votes.”可推断出，作者认为允许儿童投票可能会导致权力的滥用，故选B。,6.What is the main point of the passage? A.Allowing children the vote is not altogeth

36、er absurd. B.There is a difference between adults and children. C.Parents should introduce politics to their children. D.The definition of adulthood is quite controversial.,解析主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段内容可知，作者认为允许儿童投票并不完全是荒谬的，故选A。,B (2019苏州高三期中) Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around

37、 us without even realizing it.It is not the 8amazing complexity of television，nor the impressive technology of transport.The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our mouths，and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds. This ability comes so naturally

38、 that we tend to forget what a miracle it is., Obviously，the ability to talk is something that marks humans off from animals.Of course，some animals have powers just as amazing.Birds can fly thousands of miles by observing positions of the stars in the sky in relation to the time of day and year.In N

39、atures talent show，humans are a species of animals that have developed their own special act.If we reduce it to basic terms，its an ability for communicating information to others，by varying sounds we make as we breathe out., Not that we dont have other powers of communication.Our facial expressions

40、convey our emotions，such as anger，or joy，or disappointment. The way we hold our heads can 4indicate to others whether we are happy or sad.This is so-called “body language”.Bristling (直立的) fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals.Similarly，the 9bowed head or dropping tail shows a r

41、eadiness to take second place in any animal gathering.,Such a means of communication is a basic mechanism that animals，including human beings，instinctively(本能地)acquire and display. If so，how did human beings 5acquire this amazing skill? 11Biologists can readily indicate that particular area of our b

42、rain where speech mechanisms function，but this doesnt tell us how that part of our bodies originated in our biological history.,语篇解读本文主要介绍人类拥有的语言能力是人类区别于动物的一个主要的特点，能够让我们向他人传递信息。,7.According to the passage，the wonder we take for granted is . A.the amazing power of technology B.our ability to use lang

43、uage C.the unforgettable miracle of nature D.our ability to make noises with mouth,解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our mouths，and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds.”可知，这种能力就是我们的语言运用能力，故B项正确。,8.Which is the most suitabl

44、e place for “Is the ability to speak just another sort of instinct？” A. B. C. D.,解析推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Such a means of communication is a basic mechanism that animals，including human beings，instinctively(本能地) acquire this amazing skill？”及后文中的“If so，how did human beings acquire and display.”可知，填在处，承上启下。故

45、A项正确。,9.This passage is mainly about . A.the development of body language B.the special role humans play in nature C.the power to convey information to others D.the difference between humans and animals,解析主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是人类拥有的语言的能力能够让我们向他人传递信息。故C项正确。,做完以上两篇阅读后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句,素材提炼再拓展,.障碍词汇突破 (一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 1.The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary. _ 2.Like their children，parents are often defensive