Northern Ireland2

1、Northern Ireland,The troubled path to power sharing,Giants Causeway- Hexagons,Belfast,Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland Population 275,000. City unofficially divided into Protestant and Catholic areas along the Shankhill and Falls Roads,The Six Counties of Ulster which make up Northern Irel

2、and.,Divided Land,Northern Ireland = Part of UK Ulster Ruler = Queen in London Faith = Catholic and Protestant,Southern Ireland = Republic Eire Ruler = President in Dublin Faith = mainly Catholic,Divided People,Unionists & Loyalists Protestants Want British rule Loyal to the British Monarchy,Nationa

3、lists & Republicans Mainly Catholics Free from Britain Unite with Republic Rule by elected President,V,Divided Ireland,Politically into Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Religiously into Protestants and Catholics Culturally - into descendents of the native Celtic people and descendents of Sco

4、ttish and English immigrants,In the beginning . . .,Gaels / Celts,Vikings,Norman -English knights,Norman-Irish families rule 4 provinces,English Ownership Begins,1171 English King Henry II = Lord of Ireland,1500 England had little control outside Dublin,But,Henry II, in all his glory,Tudors Take Con

5、trol,Enemy Spain could use Ireland as base to attack England,1534 Reformation,King not Pope controlled Englands Church,Protestant Catholic,Fear:,1541 Henry VIII = King of Ireland,Solution:,Basic Irish History,St. Patrick, a Roman Briton, shows up in the 5th century, converting the native pagans to C

6、hristianity.,Henry VIII(1491-1547),The Protestant Reformation in Europe had begun in 1517 but hadnt found much support in England. Henry VIII married his brothers widow, Catherine of Aragon, in 1509. They had one daughter but by 1527 still had no son.,Henry VIII,Henry asked the pope to annul his mar

7、riage and allow him to marry again. The pope refused, so in 1533 Henry created the Church of England, with Henry as leader He married Anne Boleyn, who bore him a daughter but no son. She was executed in 1536. Henrys next wife had a son.,Henry ordered: obey English laws convert to Protestantism,Irish

8、 response: rebellion,English Protestants given Irish land mainly in Ulster,Native Gaelic Catholics,British Protestant Planters,Tudors Extend Control,lose land face heresy charges,or,New Tactic = Plantations,v,Struggle for Dominance,England 1688: Glorious Revolution,fled to Ireland for support,Out,Pr

9、otestant King William of Orange,Catholic King James II,In,chased and beat James,Battle of the BOYNE 11th July 1690,Protestant Takeover,Penal Laws reinforced Williams victory,Irish Catholics lost rights,Ireland = Colony in British Empire,Voting,Education,Land,18th Century: People Power,Revolution,Ame

10、rica 1775,France 1789,Inspired Irish Revolutionary Nationalists,Revolutionary Nationalism,Wolfe Tone = Protestant lawyer 1791 created United Irishmen Fight for Irish independent Republic,POTATO FAMINE 1845-1849 strengthened Irish hatred of Britain increased support for Irish independence,Failed,But,

11、Sinn Fein is now the largest Nationalist Party in the NI Assembly. It still officially promotes a United Ireland. It was for years the political wing of the IRA.,Key terms,Nationalist ( the Catholic community which favoured union with the Republic of Ireland to the south) Loyalist ( the Protestant c

12、ommunity which wished to remain loyal to the United Kingdom) Unionist (same as above wished to maintain the union with the rest of the UK) Para-military terrorist groups such as the Nationalist IRA and Loyalist UDA, UFF and UDF.,Terms,Ulster Loyalists Want to keep N. Ireland as a part of the UK IRA

13、has used violence to support the cause of a free and united Ireland,Creation of Paramilitary Groups,The creation of the Provisional Irish Republic Army (PIRA later shortened to IRA) was organized in response to British engagement into the civil rights movement. The IRA gained members during the 1970

14、s and became more violent in their tactics.,The Official IRA,This is the original IRA, which fought against the British during the Irish Revolution. In December of 1969, a conflict within the group over the strategies and tactics employed quickly lead to a split in the IRA. The group divided into a

15、Provisional wing and Official wing. The official IRA consisted of older members who were eschewed from using violence and were chiefly committed to social changes. Today they are no longer active.,The Provisional IRA,Formed after a split in the IRA in December of 1969. Consisted of young, aggressive

16、 members who were committed to the use of terror tactics in an effort to force the withdrawal of British troops. Today they are mainly responsible for most of the terrorist acts that take place. Although their official name is the Provisional IRA, today they are simply referred to as the IRA.,Terror

17、ist Groups,Loyalist murals in Belfast,Terrorist Groups,Republican mural in Belfast,Effect of War on Home Rule,British Government accepted 3rd Home Rule Bill Dublin Parliament,Nationalists jubilant,Unionists horrified,But,August 1914 War declared,So,Home Rule temporarily suspended,The Easter Rising,E

18、aster Monday 1916 Frustrated Fenians Attacked Dublins General Post Office Rebels surrendered,British Army executed rebels without proper trials Sinn Fein = massive support in sympathy,However,So,“In literary evocation and political argument alike, the 1916 Easter Rising has been presented as a water

19、shed in Irish history and politics. the rebellion at Easter has been told as a central part of the Story of Ireland.” Richard English, Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA,Republic Declared,1918,Sinn Fein win election Leader = Eamon De Valera Ireland = Republic British Rule rejected,1918-1920,Brit

20、ish Army v IRA Guerilla War,Michael Collins created Irish Republican Army,Northern Ireland 6 Protestant counties of Ulster = British ruled parliament Stormont in Belfast Southern Ireland 26 remaining counties = Irish Free State independent parliament in Dublin,Partition Treaty: Proposed 1920,Norther

21、n Ireland Parliament - Stormont,Stormont Castle, Home of the NI Assembly,Collins = assassinated De Valera = Prime Minister of Irish Free State,Partition Treaty: problem or solution?,Irish Civil War 1922 - 1923,Eamon De Valera,Michael Collins,Ireland ever since Catholics = second class citizens?,Sinn

22、 Fein,The Troubles: Causes,1963 - 1967,1967 - 1969,Unionist government in North promise Catholics fairer treatment,Housing,Jobs,Politics,But,Slow progress leads to Civil Rights Marches,Violence,The Troubles: 1968-1972Consequences,British Army presence in Ulster IRA violence,Bloody Sunday: British Ar

23、my kill 11 unarmed Civil Rights marchers fever pitch,Loyalist Private Armies UDA and UVF violence increases,Internment: suspected terrorists imprisoned without trial Nationalist outrage,“The Troubles”,Conflict in Northern Ireland Oliver Bernard, Charles Kim, Amber Schulte,1972 Bloody Sunday,Bloody S

24、unday,Early Democratic Solutions Fail,Direct Rule imposed from London Stormont scrapped Unionists + Nationalists = outraged,Power Sharing Unionists + Nationalists at Stormont Both sides = No,1972,1974,Violence continued,1985 Thatcher Tries But Fails,Anglo Irish Agreement Republic involved in discuss

25、ions Nationalists supportive Unionists outraged,Hard Line Loyalist Opposition,Democratic Unionist Party 1971 Leader = Ian Paisley “No surrender” anti-Catholic + anti-Sinn Fein + anti-British DUP opposed Irish Republics involvement,Paramilitary Opposition,Terrorism IRA 1984: Brighton bomb 1987: Ennis

26、killen Remembrance Day 1996: Canary Wharf UDA / UVF / UFF reprisals 3,700 victims,Publicity 1981: Maze prisoner Bobby Sands dirty protests + hunger strikes,1984- The Brighton Bomb,Pictures of Bombings,Hunger Strikes,In 1981, a hunger strike was begun in the H blocks of the Maze prison over suspension of “special status” for political prisoners.,Hunger Strikes,Hunger Strikes,Thatcher refused to negotiate with terrorists. Ten men died.,Republican Breakthrough,Sinn Fein Leading MP 1983 = Gerry Adams Ex-Maze prisoner “using the ballot as well as