Lecture05MorphologyandLexicon(32).ppt

1、2020/9/14,Morphology and Lexicon,Lecture 5,2020/9/14,Teaching focus,Word (2) (r)en: as in “oxen”, “children”; (3) e-: as in “men”, “women”; (4) ee-, as in “feet”, “teeth”; and (5) zero, as in “sheep”, “deer”.,2020/9/14,Free morphemes,Definition: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word. Root: the m

2、orpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system from un-+ system+atic+ally Stem: the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create a more complex form that may be another stem or a word. A stem of a word may be two or more roots, e.g. in workshops, both

3、 work and shop are roots, workshop is the stem.,2020/9/14,Bound morphemes,Definition: a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word, e.g. ment (as in establishment). Bound morphemes are affixes. Affixes which occur before other morphemes are called prefixes. e.g. retell, dislike. Affixes which occur

4、 after other morphemes are called suffixes. Affixes can change the meaning or function of the word.,2020/9/14,Bound morphemes or free morphemes?,Bound morphemes: They cannot occur “unattached” or may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as “-s”in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”. Free morphemes:

5、 They may constitute a word by itself, such as “bed”, “tree”.,2020/9/14,Derivational morphemes vs inflectional morphemes,Derivational morphemes: When they are conjoined to other morphemes (or words) a new word is derived, or formed. Inflectional morphemes: They are attached to words or morphemes to

6、show aspects of the grammatical function of a word, but not produce new words. E.g. Derivational Inflectional sleepy walks lovely walked national walking amazement stars,4-6,2020/9/14,Different categories of morphemes,Free morpheme Bound morpheme,morpheme,Inflectional (bigger, working ) Derivational

7、,Prefixes (impossible) Suffixes (worker),Lexical (work, house, kind),Functional (and, if, or, but),2020/9/14,Exercises on pg.86,1. English inflections are used to express certain grammatical meanings: the plural morpheme s to change the noun into the plural form, the generative-case morpheme s to in

8、dicate the relation of possession, the feminine gender morpheme ess to change the masculine noun into its corresponding feminine gender form, the third-person singular s to change the verb into the third-person singular form, the ing participle ing to change the verb into the ing participle, the pas

9、t-form morpheme ed to change the verb into the past-tense form, the past-participle morpheme ed to change the verb into the ing participle, the comparative er to change an adjective into the comparative-degree form, and the superlative est to change an adjective into the superlative-degree form.,202

10、0/9/14,2. No, inflection is not universal. Different languages have different morphology. There are languages, like Latin and Sanskrit, which abound in inflectional morphemes. There are also languages, like Chinese, which have no inflectional morphemes. Between these two extremes are some intermedia

11、te languages, like English, which have comparatively few inflectional morphemes than languages of the first category.,2020/9/14,Types of Word Formation,Compounding: putting two words together Derivation: adding affixes to other words or morphemes. Other ways of word formation,2020/9/14,What are comp

12、ounds?,Those polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called compounds, such as: a) Noun compounds windmill, classmate(N+N) callgirl, playboy (V+N), daybreak (N+V) b) Verb compounds brainwash, lipread, babysit (N+V) c) Adjective compounds heartfelt (N+V+ed), dutyfree (N+Adj),20

13、20/9/14,Derivation,Derivation is a major way of word formation, which is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. Derivational affixes: dis- & un- have a negative meaning -hood: has the feature of making a word more abstract. anti-: usually adds the meaning “against” -ful: adds the meanin

14、g “full of”.,2020/9/14,Compounding vs Derivation,Compounding and derivation are two ways to form new words. (pg176-183, 胡） Compounding words mean stringing words together: e.g. carryall, inborn, ice-cold Derivation shows the relation between stems and affixes.,2020/9/14,Other ways of word formation,

15、1. conversion: a special case of derivation 2. abbreviation: to shorten a longer word. (1)clipping: bicycle bike (2) acronym: NATO, UNESCO, AIDS, APEC initialism: ATM, CPU, DVD, ID, SOS, VCD (3) blending: smog = smoke+fog 3. backformation: television televise 4. Neologism: new words created to denot

16、e new objects or ideas. e.g. software, hardware, internet, e-mail 5. Borrowing: a word borrowed from another language e.g. chauffeur, encore,2020/9/14,Exercises on pg. 91,1) password: word to be passed 2) housewife: wife in charge of a household 3) sunshine: shine of the sun 4) milkman: man who sell

17、s or delivers milk 5) sunflower: plant whose flower faces the sun 6) apple pie: pie consisting of a filling of apples 7) mosquito net: net to prevent mosquitoes 8) daydream: dream in the daytime 9) freezing-point: point at which a liquid freezes 10) flashlight: light of a flash,1.,2020/9/14,2. Abbre

18、viation refers to the way in which a longer word or expression is abbreviated or shortened. In English, longer words can be abbreviated via clipping, blending, and initials and acronyms. While English words are made up of letters which can be pronounced into syllables, Chinese words are made up of c

19、haracters each of which is normally pronounced as a separate syllable. While the English language differentiates blending, initials and acronyms, the Chinese language makes no such differentiation. In Chinese, the major approach to abbreviating a longer expression is usually to combine the certain c

20、haracter in a long expression into a shortened one, in which the characters are pronounced individually. Another common way of abbreviation in Chinese is to combine a numeral and the head word of a series of parallel constructions, as in “四化”.,2020/9/14,Ex, pg, 93,2020/9/14,Ex, pg, 93 1. How many le

21、xemes are there in each of the following sentences?,/在/学校/表现/很/好/，是/个/优秀/学生/干部/。 这里/的/水果/真/多/，到处/是/荔枝/、香蕉/、芒果/、樱桃/、西瓜/。 Had/ the/ construction/ worker/ not/ seen/ the/ attack/ as/ he/ was/ driving/ to/ work/ early/ and/ jumped/ in/ to/ try/ and/ help/, she/ might/ have/ died/, police/ said/. （The fo

22、llowing lexemes occur twice in the sentence: the primary verb “have” (had/have), the determiner “the”, the infinitive marker “to”.） Astronomers/ are/ elated/ by/ the/ discovery/ of/ an/ object/ that/ rivals/ the/ size/ of/ Plutos/ moon/. (The determiner “the” occurs twice in the sentence.),2020/9/14

23、,2. What is the difference between lexeme and word?,A lexeme refers to the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units whereas a word refers to the smallest form of a language that can occur by itself. A lexeme may be or may not be identical w

24、ith a word. For example, the definite article “the” is both a lexeme and a word. However, the lexeme “put up with” has three different words.,2020/9/14,3. How would you account for the linguistic phenomenon of collocation?,Collocation refers to the habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items.

25、 In a word, collocation is the linguistic reflection of certain conventional relations conceived by native speakers between the lexical items and/or between the realities represented by these lexical items. Collocated lexical items fall into four categories: (1) Logical collocations: Some lexical it

26、ems are allowable to co-occur because the objects, happenings, ideas and/or their properties they denote normally co-occur in the context of situation or culture. (2) Semantic collocations: Some lexical items are collocations because the contents they denote are normally related with each other. (3)

27、 Lexical collocations: Such collocations involve the habitual co-occurrence of lexical items of different categories because of certain expressional conventions. (4) Grammatical collocations: Some lexical items co-occur because of certain grammatical restrictions.,2020/9/14,Ex.1, pg. 961. What are t

28、he structural features of English idioms?,Idioms refer to phrasal lexemes which have relatively regular lexical meaning and restricted grammatical variation. By definition, idioms are relatively fixed in structure. We cannot alter or substitute its component words of our own will. For example, we cannot alter the idiomatic greeting “How are you.” into “How were you.”, nor can we substitute the adjective “green” in the idiomatic expression “green with envy” with “red”.,2020/9/14,Langu