13_how_to_write_a_research_paper.ppt

1、,How to write a research paper?,The basic components of a research paper,Title (标题) Author (作者) Abstract and Key Words (摘要和关键词) Introduction (引言) Materials and Methods (材料和方法) Results (结果) Discussion (讨论) Acknowledgements (致谢) Reference (参考文献),The title tells what the paper is about. It identifies e

2、ither the main topic or the main point of the paper and to attract readers. A good title should be accurate, complete, specific, and concise(简明的). Short titles have more impact than long titles do, so make your title as short as possible without sacrificing accuracy, completeness, specificity, or cl

3、arity. Often a title is shorter than 100 characters (including letters and punctuation) and spaces.,Title,Author,It tells who contributed substantively(实质上) to design and perform this study and to write this paper. The listing of authors should include those, and only those, who actively contributed

4、 to the overall design and execution of the experiments. Further, the authors should normally be listed in order of importance to the experiments.,It provides an overview of the paper. The overview should present the main story and a few essential details. It should be neither vague and general, nor

5、 fussily detailed. Rather, it should be specific and selective.,Abstract,Introduction,It presents the background information and the purpose of the study. It serves to awaken the readers interest and to be informative enough to prepare readers to understand the paper. The most important statement in

6、 the Introduction is the statement of the research question, centered on which the whole paper is unfolded.,Materials and Methods,This part tells the reader what was done and how it was done. It should provide sufficient details to allow a trained scientist to evaluate the study or to repeat the exp

7、eriments exactly as the authors did.,Results,Certainly the primary information in this part is results. The author should report, not all the results obtained from the experiments or observations, but only those pertinent (相关的) to the research question posed in the Introduction.,Discussion,On the ba

8、sis of the results found, the Discussion answers the question(s) posed in the Introduction. Further, it exerts to support, explain, and defense the answer. In various studies, the Discussion may also serve to indicate the newness of the work; explain discrepancies(差异) with others results; explain th

9、e unexpected findings; explain the limitations of the methods, the weakness in the study design, or the validity of assumptions; and indicate the importance of the work.,This was a great achievement, but without me, this would not have happened!,Acknowledgements,Here readers will find who else, besides the authors, helped perform the study, analyze the data, or write the paper, and who contributed funds, equipment, or supplies to this research.,Reference,This part gives credit to the ideas and findings of others and direct readers to sources of furthe