凤凰国际英语基础英语语法3从句一.ppt

1、基础语法三,英语从句,Review Work 2,Translate the following sentences.,上个月德国人在青少年中进行了一个关于德语的调查。 German made a survey about Germany among teenagers last month. 他努力使自己冷静下来，但是他无法保持冷静。 He tried to calm himself down, but he cant keep calm. 在经历了许多困难之后，我依然愿意为我的伙伴们赴汤蹈火。 After I have gone through many hardships, I am s

2、till willing to go through fire and water for my partners. 我们要学会感恩父母。 We should learn to be grateful to our parents.,很久之前，他就在荷兰定居下来了。 A long time ago, he settled down in Netherlands. 虽然我们是学生，我们也应该关心国家大事。 Though we are students, we should be concerned about national affairs. 上课的时候记录下老师所讲的重点内容很重要。 It

3、is important to set down the focus that the teacher said. 有一些青少年故意忽视父母的关心。 Some teenagers ignore their parents concern on purpose.,今天的目标,写句子第二境界：把句子写长，写复杂。,Should we celebrate western festivals?,Task: lengthen the sentence. Make it complex. We should celebrate western festivals.,Have a try,We, the C

4、hinese people in this modern world, have every reason to celebrate western festivals, due to the simple fact that it can not only enrich our life, but also boost the relevant industry, in the process of which people manufacture, sell and purchase countless commodities in this line of business.,如何写复杂

5、而地道的句子,单调、乏味 Dull, boring, tedious Complexity 造句练习/拓句练习,通过添加形容性词汇对句子进行拓展 The wind blew. The icy wind blew fiercely.,用短语（介词结构、非谓语动词等）进行拓展 He was walking. He was walking slowly along the road. He was walking slowly along the road, thinking about something.,添加句子对原句进行适当拓展 He left his beloved wife and hi

6、s lovely daughter unexpectedly. No one knows why he left his beloved wife and his lovely daughter unexpectedly, which even puzzles the police a great deal.,句子合并 把简单句或是零散的句式运用各种技巧（如非谓语动词、从句等）合并为一个紧凑简洁的英语句子。,1 用分词短语把相关短句合并起来，例如： The thief was caught on the spot. The thief was brought to the police sta

7、tion. 可合并为： Caught on the spot, the thief was brought to the police station.,2 用复合主语或谓语把相关短句合并起来，例如： We watched the basketball match on TV that night. We went to bed late that night. 这两个简单句可合并为： That night we watched the basketball match on TV and went to bed late.,3 用复合句把相关短句合并起来，例如： The man is our

8、 English teacher. The man has taught for about thirty years. 这两个短句可合并为： The man who has taught for about thirty years is our English teacher.,4 通过用形容词、副词或介词短语把相关的短句合并成长句，例如： The building is new and magnificent. The building is situated on the main street of the city. The building makes a grand pictu

9、re. 这3个短句可合并为： The new and magnificent building on the main street of the city makes a grand picture.,5 用同位语或同位短语把相关短句合并起来，例如： Jane Austin wrote six novels in all. Jane Austin was one of the leading novelists in the 19th century England. 可将其合并为： Jane Austin, one of the leading novelists in the 19th

10、century England, wrote six novels in all.,练习1,一句多译,她被哈佛大学录取了。 (1) She got admitted to Harvard University. (2) She has been officially enrolled by Harvard University. (3) She has been accepted by Harvard University.,看到照片使我想起了童年。 (1) When I looked at the picture, I couldnt help recalling my childhood.

11、 (2) At the sight of the picture, I was reminded of my childhood. (3) The sight of the picture reminded me of my childhood.,我建议我们举行一个英语晚会。 (1) I suggest our holding an English evening party. (2) I suggest that we (should) hold an English evening party. (3) My suggestion is that we (should) hold an E

12、nglish evening party.,艰苦的工作使他获得了成功。 (1) His hard work led to his success. (2) His hard work resulted in his success. (3) His success resulted from his hard work. (4) He worked very hard; That was why he succeeded. (5) The reason for his success was that he worked very hard. (6) The reason why he suc

13、ceeded was that he worked very hard. (7) It was because of his hard work that he succeeded. (8) He succeeded as a result of his hard work.,练习2,合并句子，改写下面的段落。,Unemployment,These days, many people lost their jobs. They become laid-off workers. Some of them lost their jobs because their companies shut d

14、own. They have nothing to do. Others lost their jobs because they cant adapt to the competition. The competition is very fierce these days. So many people are having no job. This phenomenon will cause social instability.,练习3,欣赏下列复杂长句，分析结构。,Topic: Does every achievement bring with it new challenges?

15、Famous thinkers, from Albert Einstein to Albert Camus, have differed in their approaches to learning and life. But the one thing that most of these thinkers have always agreed on is that a persons education is never finished, no matter how much they have learned and achieved. Scientists do not stop

16、their research as soon as they have produced a notable invention or discovered a hidden phenomenon in our midst, because achievements are merely building blocks to a larger goal.,基础英语语法之三,英语从句,从 句,从句（subordinate clause）是具有主语部分和谓语部分 但不构成分句或独立句子的一组词。从句在句子中可以 作为一种句子成份，一般皆由从属关联词所引导。 从句有下列六种： 主语从句（subjec

17、t clause） 表语从句（predicative clause） 宾语从句（object clause） 同位语从句（appositive clause） 定语从句（attributive clause） 状语从句（adverbial clause）,在以上六种从句中，其中主语从句、表语从句、 宾语从句和同位语从句在句子中的功用相当于名词， 因此这四种又通称为名词性从句。 引导名词从句的连接词主要有三类： 从属连词that, whether, if; 连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever; 连接副词

18、 when, where, why, how, wherever 从属连词只起连接作用，不作从句的成分；连接代词 和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句中的成分。,Typical example,Both of us agree that it is time to change.,1.主语从句（subject clause） 在复合句中，用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1)从属连词that。如： That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很

19、明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2)从属连词whether(注：if 不能引导主语从句)。如：Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。,1.主语从句（subject clause） (3)连接代词who, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever (注：whom 不能引导主语从句);连接副词 where, when, how, why, wherever。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happen

20、ed is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。,说明： 由于英语句子表达一般要避免头重脚轻，所以有些句子把it放在句道，作形式上的主语，而把主语从句放在后面。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It + be+形容词+从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It i

21、s probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 It was not clear to me why he behaved like that. 我不太清楚他为什么会这样做。,说明： B. It + be+名词+从句。如： Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。 It is a question whether it is true or not. 这是不是真的还

22、是个问题。,说明： C. It + be +过去分词+从句。如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 It is not decided who will go there. 谁将去那里还没有决定。,D. It+ 动词（+宾语或状语）+从句。如： It seems that Alice is not co

23、ming to the party at all. Alice 似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起我们应制订一个新计划。 It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。,E.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句

24、中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如： Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？ Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？,F. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语， 而把主语从句后置。如： How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！ 注意连接代词whoever, whatever

25、, whichever等引 导主语从句的含义 Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。 Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。,句子翻译练习,你需要的是更多的练习。 What you need is more practice. 他是否加入我们，没有太大的差别。 It doesnt make any difference whether they join us or not. 很明显他已经尽力而为了。 That h

26、e has done his best is obvious. 他们什么时候来还不知道。 When they will come is still not known.,句子翻译练习,她渴望的是更多的钱。 What she needs is more money. 犯人是如何逃跑的是个迷。 How the criminal escaped was a mystery. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Whoever comes is welcomed. 他是如何成功的仍然是个迷。 How he succeeded was a mystery.,句子翻译练习,我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。 Wheth

27、er we will hold a party outside tomorrow depends on the weather. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 What she has done is not clear. 她去了哪儿，还不知道。 Where she has gone is not known.,2.表语从句（predicative clause） 在复合句中，起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。 作表语的从句有下列三类： （1）由that 引导的表语从句： The trouble is that we are short of funds. 困难是我们缺乏资金。 My idea is th

28、at the plan should be carried out immediately. 我的意思是马上执行这个计划。 在口语中that有时可省略： The reason was (that) he was afraid. 原因是他害怕。,2.表语从句（predicative clause） （2）由关系代词what 引导的表语从句： That is what we should do 这是我们应该做的。 Asia is no longer what it used to be. 亚洲现在己不是过去的样子了。 That is what I heard. 这是我听到的情况。,2.表语从句（p

29、redicative clause） (3) 由连接副（代）词及because, as, as if /though 引导的表语从句： The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 The mystery is whether he ever went there at all. 他是否去过那里是个谜。 Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。,2.表语从句（predicative

30、clause）说明： 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear, remain等。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。 At that time，it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。,2.表语从句（predicative clause） 说明： what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜

31、用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。,2.表语从句（predicative clause） 说明： 使用虚拟语气的表语从句,在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。 My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早

32、就出发。,表语从句翻译练习,这就是我想做的 这房子正是他最需要的东西。 问题在于人们怎样才能找到一种有效的方式来储藏太阳热。 问题是谁能完成这项困难的任务,这就是我想做的。 这房子正是他最需要的东西。 问题在于人们怎样才能找到一种有效的方式来储藏太阳热。 问题是谁能完成这项困难的任务。 This is what I want to do. The house is what he needs. The question is how the people can find an effective way to store the suns heat. The question is who

33、can complete the difficult task.,今天讨论的话题是未来的学校会是怎样的 他迟到的原因是交通拥堵. 事实是他对我撒谎了. 这就是Henry 怎样解决问题的,今天讨论的话题是未来的学校会是怎样的。 他迟到的原因是交通拥堵。 事实是他对我撒谎了。 这就是Henry 怎样解决问题的。 The discussion topic for today is what school will be like in the future. The reason why he was late is that the traffic was busy. The fact is th

34、at he told a lie to me. This is how Henry solved the problem.,3.宾语从句（object clause） 在复合句中，起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。所有引导 名词从句的连接词都可引导宾语从句。 （1）由从属连词that, if, whether.引导的宾语从句 that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.如： He told me that he would go to the college the next year. 他告诉我他明年上大学. I dont know if there wi

35、ll be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车.,3.宾语从句（object clause）if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。 如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。 用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，则应避免使用if 而用whether。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go. if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“

36、请告诉我你是否想去”； 此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话， 请告诉我一声”。,3.宾语从句（object clause） (2) 由连接代词who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever , whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等引导的 宾语从句。 The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么. I havent decided yet which would be the best thing to do. 我还未决定最好是做什么

37、。,3.宾语从句（object clause） （3）由连接副词when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等引导的宾语从句。 He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。 Could you please tell me how you read the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? This depends on how hard you work. 这取决于你工作的努力程度。,3.宾语从句（object clause） 说明：

38、如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语， 而将宾语从句后置。如： I think it advisable that you should be on time. 我认为你准时是非常明智的。 He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed. 他已说明本次会议不推迟。,3.宾语从句（object clause） 说明： 作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词 的宾语，只用在except, but, in, besides, save 后。 如： He is a good student except

39、that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 Men differ from animals in that they can speak and think. 人与动物的区别就在于人有语言和思维。 其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it 先行一步，作形式宾语。如： You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。 Ill see to it that everything is ready on time. 我将确保按时做好一切准备。,3.宾语从句（object clause） 宾语从句

40、的否定转移。 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思， 却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如： I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。 I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。,3.宾语从句（object clause） 宾语从句的时态变化规律： A 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。 I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。 I

41、ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我告诉你我为什么叫你来。 B 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内 的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如： I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didnt know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家. The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.,宾语从句翻译练习 我

42、告诉他，由于那最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。 你听得到我所讲的吗？ 我不知道他游过了那条河。 我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。 他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。,我告诉他，由于那最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。 你听得到我所讲的吗？ 我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。 他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。 I told him that because of the last condition, Id have to turn it down. Can you hear what I say? I dont know that he swam across the river. He has

43、 informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.,4.同位语从句（appositive clause） （1）在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。 它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如： I heard the news that our team had won 我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here 我不知道你在这里。,4.同位语从句（appositive clause） （2）可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea， fact，promise，ques

44、tion，doubt，thought，hope， message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility 等。如： Ive come from Mr. Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。,4.同位语从句（appositive clause） （3）英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词 that， whether，连接副词 how, when, where等。 （注：if, which 不能引导同位语从句。）如： I h

45、ave no idea when he will be back 我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。,4.同位语从句（appositive clause） （4）有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面， 而被别的词隔开。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。 The though

46、t came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。,4.同位语从句（appositive clause） （5）同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它 前面名词的内容；定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。 The news that l have passed the exam is true 我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 （同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。） The news that he told me j

47、ust now is true 他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 （定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）,4.同位语从句（appositive clause） （5）同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 关系词在句中是否做成分 。 The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。） The idea that he gave surprises many people 他提出的观点令

48、许多人感到吃惊。 （that在从句中作gave的宾语。）,4.同位语从句（appositive clause） （5）同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 从句是否有疑问的意义。 Do you remember the day when I told you that I loved you? (when引导的从句不表示疑问，所以这是一个定语从句） I have asked the question why it was true just now. (why引导的从句表示疑问，所以这是一个同位语从句）,5 定语从句（attributive clause） 定语从句：又称关系从句，在复合句中起定语作用

49、，修饰名词或代词，有时也可修饰整个主句。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用： a. 引导定语从句 b. 代替先行词 c. 在定语从句中担当一个成分,如主语、宾语、定语、状语等。,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （1）限制性和非限制性定语从句 定语从句就其与先行词的语义关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。 限定性定语从句与其先行词的所指意义有着不可分割的联

50、系， 缺少了它，作为先行词的名词便不能明确表示其所指的对象。 所有的关系代词和关系副词都能引导限定性定语从句。 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响 主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。 关系代词和关系副词除了that、why、but之外都可引导 非限定性定语从句。如：,This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）,5 定语从句（attr

51、ibutive clause） （1）限制性和非限制性定语从句 说明：当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时， 其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。如：He seems no

52、t to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （2）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中 充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时， 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词

53、或代词， 在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man （whom/ that）I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语， 可省略）,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （2）关系代词引导的定语从句 Whose 用来指人或物，只用作定语。若指物，它还 可以同of which互换。如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had bro

54、ken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose /of which cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （2）关系代词引导的定语从句 which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词， 在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The

55、package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语，可省略）,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （3）关系副词引导的定语从句 when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 我依然记得我第一次去学校的那一天。 where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上

56、海是我的出生地。,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （3）关系副词引导的定语从句 why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。 说明： A关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which“ 结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，如： There are occasions when/on which one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。The reason why/for which h

57、e refused the invitation is not clear. 他拒绝邀请的原因并不清楚。,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （3）关系副词引导的定语从句 Bthat代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后 取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句， 在口语中that常被省略。如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (th

58、at / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （4）判断关系代词与关系副词 从句中的谓语动词是及物动词时，关系词用关系代词； 从句中的谓语动词是不及物动词时，就必须要求用 关系副词或者是介词加关系代词。如： This is the place which I visited last year. (visit Vt.) 这是我去年去过的地方。 It was raining on the day when they arrived. (arrive V

59、i.) 他们是在一个雨天到达的。,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （5）介词+关系词 介词后面的关系词不能省略。 that前不能有介词。 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词“ 结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late. 这是他迟到的原因。,5 定语从句（attributive clause） （6）关系代词that 的用法 A限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing, few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时；如 All that can be done has been done