免疫复习资料：10级免疫名解

1、免疫Immune response: the response made by the host to defend itself against the introduction of foreign substances.Antigen: An antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune system, such as BCR and soluble antibodiesImmunogen - A substance that induces a specific immune r

2、esponse.(All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens)Antigenicity: The ability of a compound to bind with antibodies or cells of the immune system. This binding is highly specific.Hapten半抗原：A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a

3、large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune response by itself.EpitopeEpitope is the portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding site of an antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.TI-AgThymus -independent antigens are antigens which

4、 can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help in general.TD-AgThymus -dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cellsSuper antigenAn antigen which polyclonally activates some subtypes

5、 of the T cells (up to 20%). Adjuvants: A substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen. ImmunoglobulinThe Immunoglobulins are globulin which function as antibodies or similar to antibodies in chemical structure.Complementarity determining region (CD

6、R)互补决定区：A complementarity determining region (CDR) is a short amino acid sequence found in the variable domains of antigen receptor (e.g. immunoglobulin and T cell receptor) proteins that complements an antigen and therefore provides the receptor with its specificity for that particular antigen.Comp

7、lement：A group of serum proteins involved in the control of inflammation, the activation of phagocytes and the lytic attack on cell membranes. It belongs to the innate immune system, and can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.Common receptor subunitThere is same recep

8、tor subunit for cytokine signaling among the different cytokine receptors. e.g. common chainCytokine (CK) : Small soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for communications between leukocytes and other cells. Soluble cytokine receptor Soluble cytokine rece

9、ptor is the extracellular part of the receptor, which can competitively bind to cytokineCytokine storm: Under certain circumstances (e.g. septic shock), large amounts of CKs (such as TNF) are produced, they may be active distant from their site of secretion.Leukocyte differentiation antigen白细胞分化抗原：T

10、he cell surface markers which express or disappear on the different cells in the different stages of differentitation and activation.Cluster of differentiation (CD): Cell surface molecules can be recognized by particular monoclonal antibodies. All of the monoclonal antibodies that react with a parti

11、cular membrane molecule are grouped together as a cluster of differentiation Cell adhesion molecules, CAM: A group of proteins involved in adhesion of cell to cell or cell to extracellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc. IntegrinIntegrinsare transmembranereceptors

12、that mediate the attachment between acelland the tissues that surround it, such as other cells or theextracellular matrix(ECM)SelectinsSelectins(CD62) are a family ofcelladhesionmolecules.MHC主要组织相容性复合物：The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most

13、vertebrates. It is the most gene-dense region of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and reproductive success. PolymorphismThe phenomenon of having multiple alleles at given genetic locus in the populationSomatic hypermutation体细胞高度突变：Somatic hypermuta

14、tion (or SHM) is a mechanism inside cells that is part of the way the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements which confront it (for example, microbes). ITAMAnimmunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif(ITAM) is a conserved sequence of fouramino acids that is repeated twice in the cytopl

15、asmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of theimmune system.Negative selection负选择：The death of autoimmune lymphocytes shortly after they develop. Also known as clonal deletion. Positive selection: Double positive cells that bind, with moderate affinity, to MHC-Ag on thymic stroma cells survive.

16、 DP cell acquire MHC restriction though positive selection.APC：A variety of cell types specialized in the presentation of peptide-MHC to lymphocytes, causing either tolerance or immunity. Cross-presentationClass I MHC molecules present exogenous Ags to CD8+ T cells.Immunological synapseWhen the TCR

17、complex recognizes MHC-associated peptides on an APC, several T cell surface proteins and intracellular signaling molecules are rapidly mobilized to the site of T cell-APC contact. This region of physical contact between the T cell and the APC has been called the immunological synapse Anergy无反应性：Ane

18、rgy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the bodys defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. Regulatory T cell调节性T细胞：Regulatory T cells (sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopul

19、ation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens. AICD激活诱导的细胞死亡：activation-induced cell death (AICD) recognition and deletion of T lymphocytes that have been induced to proliferate by receptor-mediated

20、 activation, preventing their overgrowth.Class switchingClass switching is a biological mechanism that changes a B cells production ofantibodyfrom one class to anotherCentral tolerance is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self during their devel

21、opment in thymus and bone marrow.Secondary Antibody: An antibody that binds to primary antibodies or antibody fragments. They are typically labeled with probes that make them useful for detection, purification or cell sorting applications.Affinity（亲和力） Strength of the reaction between a single antig

22、enic determinant and a single Ab combining siteAvidity（亲合力） The overall strength of binding between an Ag with many determinants and multivalent AbsELISA (Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) An immunological test, using an enzyme as a label to determine presence of target protein.ELISPOT (Enzyme-lin

23、ked immuno-sorbent spot) A common method for monitoring immune responses in humans and animals. At appropriate conditions the ELISPOT assay allows visualization of the secretary product of individual activated or responding cells. Immuno-labeling techniquesSpecific Abs (or Ags ) labelled with fluore

24、scein, enzymes or radioisotopes are used as probes for the detection of Ags (or Abs).Artificial active immunization: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity. Active immunization results in the production of antibodies directed against the infecting agent or its toxic products; it may also initiate cellular immunity.Artificial passive immunization: Immunization may be accomplished passively by administering either performed immunoreactive serum (Abs, CKs) or cells.Vaccine: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity is called artificial active immun