财务管理Chapter_03.ppt

1、,How To Calculate Present Values,Principles of Corporate Finance Richard A. Brealey Stewart C. Myers,Chapter 3,McGraw Hill/Irwin,Topics Covered,Valuing Long-Lived Assets PV Calculation Short Cuts Compound Interest Nominal and Real Rates of Interest (inflation) Example: Present Values and Bonds,Prese

2、nt Values,Discount Factor = DF = PV of $1 Discount Factors can be used to compute the present value of any cash flow.,Present Values,Discount Factors can be used to compute the present value of any cash flow.,Present Values,Replacing “1” with “t” allows the formula to be used for cash flows that exi

3、st at any point in time,Present Values,Example You just bought a new computer for $3,000. The payment terms are 2 years same as cash. If you can earn 8% on your money, how much money should you set aside today in order to make the payment when due in two years?,Present Values,Example You just bought

4、 a new computer for $3,000. The payment terms are 2 years same as cash. If you can earn 8% on your money, how much money should you set aside today in order to make the payment when due in two years?,Present Values,PVs can be added together to evaluate multiple cash flows.,Present Values,Given two d

5、ollars, one received a year from now and the other two years from now, the value of each is commonly called the Discount Factor. Assume r1 = 20% and r2 = 7%.,Present Values,Given two dollars, one received a year from now and the other two years from now, the value of each is commonly called the Disc

6、ount Factor. Assume r1 = 20% and r2 = 7%.,Present Values,Example Assume that the cash flows from the construction and sale of an office building is as follows. Given a 7% required rate of return, create a present value worksheet and show the net present value.,Present Values,Example - continued Assu

7、me that the cash flows from the construction and sale of an office building is as follows. Given a 7% required rate of return, create a present value worksheet and show the net present value.,Short Cuts,Sometimes there are shortcuts that make it very easy to calculate the present value of an asset t

8、hat pays off in different periods. These tolls allow us to cut through the calculations quickly.,Short Cuts,Perpetuity - Financial concept in which a cash flow is theoretically received forever.,Short Cuts,Perpetuity - Financial concept in which a cash flow is theoretically received forever.,Short C

9、uts,Annuity - An asset that pays a fixed sum each year for a specified number of years.,Short Cuts,Annuity - An asset that pays a fixed sum each year for a specified number of years.,Annuity Short Cut,Example You agree to lease a car for 4 years at $300 per month. You are not required to pay any mon

10、ey up front or at the end of your agreement. If your opportunity cost of capital is 0.5% per month, what is the cost of the lease?,Annuity Short Cut,Example - continued You agree to lease a car for 4 years at $300 per month. You are not required to pay any money up front or at the end of your agreem

11、ent. If your opportunity cost of capital is 0.5% per month, what is the cost of the lease?,Growing Perpetuity Growing Annuity,PV=C / (r - g) PV=C/ (r - g) * (1+g)T/(1+r)T PV=C*(1/(r-g)-1/(r-g) * (1+g)T/(1+r)T）,Compound Interest,i ii iii iv v Periods Interest Value Annually per per APR after compound

12、ed year period (i x ii) one year interest rate 1 6% 6% 1.06 6.000% 2 3 6 1.032 = 1.0609 6.090 4 1.5 6 1.0154 = 1.06136 6.136 12 .5 6 1.00512 = 1.06168 6.168 52 .1154 6 1.00115452 = 1.06180 6.180 365 .0164 6 1.000164365 = 1.06183 6.183,Compound Interest,Compound Interest,Example Suppose you are offer

13、ed an automobile loan at an APR of 6% per year. What does that mean, and what is the true rate of interest, given monthly payments?,Compound Interest,Example - continued Suppose you are offered an automobile loan at an APR of 6% per year. What does that mean, and what is the true rate of interest, g

14、iven monthly payments? Assume $10,000 loan amount.,General Formulas,Effective annual rate (EFF) formula Limit as m goes to infinity For APR = 0.06 limit EFF = 0.0618,Inflation,Inflation - Rate at which prices as a whole are increasing. Nominal Interest Rate - Rate at which money invested grows. Real

15、 Interest Rate - Rate at which the purchasing power of an investment increases.,Inflation,approximation formula,Inflation,Example If the interest rate on one year govt. bonds is 5.9% and the inflation rate is 3.3%, what is the real interest rate?,Savings Bond,Valuing a Bond,Example If today is October 2002, what is the value of the following bond? An IBM Bond pays $115 every Sept for 5 years. In Sept 2007 it pays an additional $1000 and retires the bond. The bond is rated AAA (WSJ AAA YTM is 7.5%) Cash Flows Sept 0304050607 1151151151151115,Val