主语和定语从句的翻译.ppt

1、英语句子中主语的翻译,中文和英文主语的区别：,调整语序,A rope has been stretched across the narrow lane. 狭窄的小巷中间横拉着一条绳子。 The installation should be commenced as soon as all the remaining problems have been cleared up. 待剩下的问题都解决之后就应立即开始安装。 Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy by means of a generator. 利用发电机可以

2、把机械能转变成电能。,Sunday morning found him still unwell. 星期天早晨他的身体仍未好转。 The 18th century witnessed the first true English dictionary, by Dr. Samuel Johnson. 第一部真正的英文词典在18世纪问世，事由约翰逊编撰的。 时间名词/地点名词+saw/found/witness+名词， 表示在某个时间或者地点里发生或者见证了某种 事情。将这种类型的句子翻译成汉语时，往往只 能将时间或者地点翻译成汉语中的状语。,This stadium has seen many

3、exciting football games. 这座体育馆里进行过许多激动人心的比赛。 Recent years have witnessed the severe environmental destruction in China. 近年来，中国的环境破坏较严重。,主语翻译成状语,The long climb almost finished me. 爬山时间太长，我快累死了。 Her illness kept her in hospital for four weeks. 她因病在医院里住了四个月。 The quarrel led to our breaking off our frie

4、ndly relations. 我们的友好关系因争吵而破裂。,A road accident caused my being late. 我因交通事故而迟到。 Shortage of suitable land in the urban areas has made it necessary to build most new public housing in the suburbs. 由于市区缺乏合适的土地，大部分公共房屋必须在郊区兴建。 Simplicity of language demands, in the first place, that the texts should be

5、 colloquial rather than literary; that they should be written in short sentences, not in long and complicated clauses. 为了使语言简洁，首先，文章与其使用书面体，不如使用口语体；应当使用短句，而不用长的复合句。,What is cat?,A small animal with soft fur and that people often keep as a pet. Cats catch and kill birds and mice.,This is the cat.,2.T

6、his is the cat that killed the rat.,3. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.,4. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.,5. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.,这就是那只猫。,这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。,

7、这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。,这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。,这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。屋子是杰克建的。,1. Professor John Smith, which is a computer expert from Canada, is now working in our university. 2.The problem, which is complicated, has been solved. 3. My brother stayed in Hong Kong for five months, during which

8、 time I often wrote him letters. 4.The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow. 5.The company is also switching the balance of its products, from the primarily craft and gift image which still occupies the majorities of its catalogue, to more utilitarian products and foodstuf

9、fs.,Attributive Clauses,restrictive attributive clause non- restrictive attributive clause,1. The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 2. Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 3.July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 4.He is the only one among us

10、 that knows French,译成定语前置法,在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。,污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。,七八月是天气很热的月份。,他是我们中唯一懂法语的人。,1.It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own bor

11、der. 人们发现，一个国家只生产成本耗费最低的产品，而从其他国家购买它们用较低成本生产的产品，这比在国内自己生产自己所需要的一切产品要划算得多。,2. The seller must deliver goods which are of the same quantity, quality and descriptions required by the contract and which are contained or packed in the manner required by the contract. 买方支付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、质量和规格一致，并按照合同所规定的方

12、式装箱或包装。,充当译文中的主语,译文中的谓语,融合法译成谓语, 表语和主语,“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.,一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”,系表结构,There be 句型,There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.,楼下有人要见你。,Practice,1. There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 2

13、. Fortunately, there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless. 3. There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized. 在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。 幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。 某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。,重复先行词,Newton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle wh

14、ich he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter mornings. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.,牛顿发明了一只点蜡烛的纸灯笼，在昏暗朦胧的冬天早晨上学时带着灯笼照路。,他种出了200个大得惊人的西红柿，每个重达两磅。,Non-restrictive attributive Clauses,compared with restrictive attributive cl

15、auses, non-restrictive clauses hold a loose relationship with antecedents, functioning as a supplementary in the sentence.,Method 1- Division(拆分）,I told the story to John, who told it to his brother. This is a college of science and technology, the students of which are trained to be engineers or sc

16、ientists. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury. Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.,1.我把这件事告

17、诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的兄弟。 2. 这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学家。 3. 饭后，四个主要谈判人员继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。 4. 他看见前面那个憔悴的白发老人眼里闪耀着愤怒的目光。 5. 不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算很准确。,Method2- combination,The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother

18、, who was aloof and arrogant. 躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射了。 他喜欢热情洋溢的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。,翻译成状语从句（adverbial clauses),Adverbial Clauses of Cause Adverbial Clauses of Result Adverbial Clauses of Concession Adverbial Clauses of Condition Adverbial Clauses of Purpose,1.He did not remember his father, who died when he wa

19、s three years old. 2. I have to book ahead for performance, which are rarely held in London. 3. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 4. Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 5. Men b

20、ecome desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 6. They have built up a new college here, where students will be trained to be engineers and scientists.,原因,结果,条件,目的,原因,让步,正确翻译英语定语从句的关键及基本思路,副词性定语从句，拆译时就要根据它与主句的逻辑关系，适当地添加表示转折目的因果条件或时间的关联词语，同时，还应考虑句中涉及的事件所发生的先后顺序

21、，按汉语的习惯逐一排列。,关键：即能否掌握主句从句之间的意合关系，亦即内在逻辑联系。 基本思路： 1首先找准关系代词的先行部分。 2分析从句究竟是限制性的还是非限制性的（不能局限于语法范围的分析）。 3从语义上看，定语从句是否起了副词性从句的作用，也就是说，要弄清从句的语义内涵与主句的语义内涵有什么逻辑关系。 4.如果从句的限定修饰作用很强，句子本身较短，则考虑用汉语“的”结构翻译；如果句子本身较长，尽管它的限定修饰作用很强，也要按照汉语的行文习惯，考虑如何拆译；但如果节奏把握得当，亦可用“的”字结构处理。,Homework,There is nothing more disappointin

22、g to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.

23、,1. This moment will nap, you will have a dream; but this moment study, you will interpret a dream.此刻打盹，你将做梦；而此刻学习，你将圆梦。 2. Thought is already is late, exactly is the earliest time.觉得为时已晚的时候，恰恰是最早的时候。 3. Not matter of the today will drag tomorrow.勿将今日之事拖到明日。 4. Time the study pain is temporary, has not learned the pain is life-long.学习时的苦痛是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生的。,8. The study certainly is not the life complete. But, since continually life part of - studies also are unable to conquer, what but also can ma