Learning-strategy.ppt

1、Learning Strategy,1. Definition of Learning Strategies 2. Differences Among Several Concepts 3. Classification of Learning Strategies 4. Development of Learning Strategies 5. Factors Influencing Learning Strategies,Outlines,1. Definition of Learning Strategies,Source Definition,Source Definition,Ste

2、rn 1983,In our view, strategy is best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristics of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behaviour.,Weinstein and Mayer 1986,Learning strategies are the behavi

3、ours and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning that are intended to influence the learners encoding process.,(Ellis, 1994:531),Source Definition,Chamot 1987,Learning strategies are techniques, approaches or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning, recal

4、l of both linguistic and content area information.,Rubin 1987,Learning strategies are strategies which contribute to the development of the language system which the learner constructs and affect learning directly.,Oxford 1989,Language learning strategies are behaviours or actions which learners use

5、 to make language learning more successful, self-directed and enjoyable.,It is not clear whether they are to be perceived of as behavioural ( and, therefore, observable) or as mental （unobservable), or as both.,Problems,Oxford (1989) : essentially behavioural; Weinstein and Mayer(1986) : both behavi

6、oural and mental; Chamot (1999) : mental processes which cant be observed directly.,A second problem concerns the precise nature of the behaviours that are to count as learning strategies.,Stern (1983) strategies : general and more or less deliberate approaches to learning;techniques: observable for

7、ms of language learning behaviour evident in particular areas of language learning such as grammar and vocabulary; Other scholars: use the term strategy to refer to the kind of behaviours Stern calls techniques. Cohen(1998): strategies refer to both general approaches to learning and concrete learni

8、ng behaviour;,A third problem is whether learning strategies are to be seen as conscious and intentional or as subconscious.,Chamot (1987) : deliberate actions. Bialystock (1990) : some young language learnners sometimes adopt certain strategies to learn, but they themselves do not realize their own

9、 strategical behaviors.,A fourth problem concerns whether learning strategies are seen as having a direct or an indirect effect on interlanguage development.,Robin (1987): somewhat controversially, asserts that the effect is a direct one. Seliger: consider it to be more indirectstrategy use provides learners with data, upon which the deep subconscious processes can work.,2. Differences Among Several Concepts,（程晓堂 Naiman, Frohlich Stern (1975) identified characteristics of the prototypical good language learner (GLL).,Selinker (197