管理学知识(全英文版的).ppt

1、PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,22,L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.,Historical Background of Management Explain why st

2、udying management history is important. Describe some early evidences of management practice. Scientific Management Describe the important contributions made by Fredrick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Explain how todays managers use scientific management.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc

3、. All rights reserved.,23,L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (contd) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.,General Administrative Theorists Discuss Fayols 14 management principles. Describe Max Webers contribution to the general administrative theory of management. Explain how

4、todays managers use general administrative theory. Quantitative Approach to Management Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management. Discuss how todays managers use the quantitative approach.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,24,L E A R N I

5、N G O U T L I N E (contd) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.,Toward Understanding Organizational Behavior Describe the contributions of the early advocates of OB. Explain the contributions of the Hawthorne Studies to the field of management. Discuss how todays managers

6、use the behavioral approach. The Systems Approach Describe an organization using the systems approach. Discuss how the systems approach is appropriate for understanding management.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,25,L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (contd) Follow this Learning O

7、utline as you read and study this chapter.,The Contingency Approach Explain how the contingency approach differs from the early theories of management. Discuss how the contingency approach is appropriate for studying management. Current Issues and Trends Explain why we need to look at the current tr

8、ends and issues facing managers. Describe the current trends and issues facing managers.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,26,Historical Background of Management,Ancient Management Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall) Venetians (floating warship assembly lines) Adam Smith Pu

9、blished “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776 Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers Industrial Revolution Substituted machine power for human labor Created large organizations in need of management,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserve

10、d.,27,Q and A 2.1,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,28,胡夫金字塔，也称大金字塔，建于公元前 2560 年，塔高146.5米，因年久风化，顶端剥落10米，现高136.5米。塔身是用230万块石料堆砌而成，大小不等的石料重达1.5吨至160吨，塔的总重量约为684万吨，它的规模是埃及迄今发现的108座金字塔中最大的。 它是一座几乎实心的巨石体，成群结队的人将这些大石块沿着地面斜坡往上拖运，然后在金字塔周围以一种脚手架的方式层层堆砌。100，000 人共用了 20 年的时间才完成的人类奇迹。,Copy

11、right 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,29,Exhibit 2.1,Development of Major Management Theories,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,210,Major Approaches to Management,Scientific Management 科学管理 General Administrative Theory 行政管理 Quantitative Management 质量管理 Organizati

12、onal Behavior 组织行为 Systems Approach 系统理论 Contingency Approach 权变理论,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,211,Scientific Management,Fredrick Winslow Taylor The “father” of scientific management Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) The theory of scientific management

13、Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done: Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment.将正确的人员安排在适当的工作上，采用正确的工具和设备 Having a standardized method of doing the job. 按标准化的方法严格操作 Providing an economic incentive to the worker.刺激性工资水平,Copyright 2

14、005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,212,Exhibit 2.2,Taylors Five Principles of Management,Develop a science for each element of an individuals work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. Heartily cooperate with

15、the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers.,Copyright 2005 Pren

16、tice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,213,泰罗制,泰罗科学管理的特点是从每一个工人抓起，从每一件工具、每一道工序抓起，在科学实验的基础上，设计出最佳的工位设置、最合理的劳动定额、标准化的操作方法、最适合的劳动工具。例如他在某钢铁公司进行的搬运生铁和铲铁试验中，就具体规定了工人所铲物资的轻重不同，所用的铲子大小也应该不同。为此，他专门设立了一个工具室，存有10种不同的铲子，供工人们在完成不同作业时使用。 泰罗的科学管理系统将工人的潜能发挥到无以复加的程度， 有人形容，在实行泰罗制的工厂里，找不出一个多余的工人，每个工人都像机器一样一刻不停地工作。,Copy

17、right 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,214,Q and A 2.2,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,215,Scientific Management (contd),Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Focused on increasing worker productivity through the reduction of wasted motion Developed the micro-chronometer 精密

18、记时装置 to time worker motions and optimize performance How Do Todays Managers Use Scientific Management? Use time and motion studies to increase productivity运用时间和动作分析 Hire the best qualified employees 选择最佳的人员 Design incentive systems based on output 基于产出的报酬体系,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rig

19、hts reserved.,216,Q and A 2.3,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,217,General Administrative Theorists,Henri Fayol Believed that the practice of management was distinct from other organizational functions Developed fourteen principles of management that applied to all organizatio

20、nal situations Max Weber Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal type of organization (bureaucracy) Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,218,Exhibit 2.3,Fayols 14 Principles

21、 of Management p33,Division of work. 工作分工 Authority. 职权 Discipline.纪律 Unity of command. 统一指挥 Unity of direction. 统一方向 Subordination of individual interest to the interests of the organization.个人利益服从整体利益,Remuneration.报酬 Centralization.集中 Scalar chain.等级链 Order. 秩序 Equity. 公平 Stability of tenure of pe

22、rsonnel. 人员的稳定 Initiative. 首创精神 Esprit de corps. 团结精神,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,219,Q and A 2.4,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,220,Exhibit 2.4,Webers Ideal Bureaucracy 官僚行政组织,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,221,马克斯韦伯的科层制（

23、或官僚制）理论有着丰厚的思想内蕴，它是韦伯政治社会学的重要内容。这一理论的许多概念、范畴和分析成为现代西方政治学理论来源之一。 韦伯的新教伦理与资本主义精神一书，是他关于“世界诸宗教的 经济伦理”系列研究的第一部著作。他认为近代资本主义产生和发 展，是以表现在欧洲宗教改革后的新教伦理中的“资本主义精神”为支 柱，这种精神是西欧理性主义长期发展的结果；近代资本主义的产生 与新教伦理有着一种内在的亲和关系。他对比研究了东方的几种宗 教，建立起庞大的宗教社会学思想体系。他进一步把新教伦理相联系 的经济合理性思想引入对国家、法的研究中，既论证了现代资本主义 及其形式主义法律和官僚制行政管理体系的合理性

24、和必然性，也深刻 批判了资本主义反文化、反人道的实质非理性。从个人行动的意义、 文化和价值等方面研究社会现象，被称为“方法论的个体主义”。他认 为真正意义上的“社会学”，除了应对社会现象作合乎规律的因果分析 外，还必须深入地探寻导致特定社会现象出现的个人行动动机，理解 现象背后隐藏着的属人的“意义”。把社会学的对象规定为研究个体社 会行动的“主观意义”，开创了与实证主义社会学相对立的“理解的”社 会学传统。,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,222,Quantitative Approach to Managemen

25、t,Quantitative Approach数量方法 Also called operations research 运筹学or management science管理科学 Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods developed to solve WWII military logistics and quality control problems Focuses on improving managerial decision making by applying: Statistics, optimization mod

26、els, information models, and computer simulations,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,223,Understanding Organizational Behavior,Organizational Behavior (OB) 组织行为学 The study of the actions of people at work; people are the most important asset of an organization Early OB Advocates

27、 Robert Owen Hugo Munsterberg Mary Parker Follett Chester Barnard,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,224,The Hawthorne Studies,A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric from 1927 to 1932. Experimental findings Productivity unexpectedly increased under im

28、posed adverse working conditions. The effect of incentive plans was less than expected. Research conclusion Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly influence individual output and work behavior than do monetary incentives.社会规范、群体标准和态度比金钱对群体成员的影响更大。,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc

29、. All rights reserved.,225,Exhibit 2.5,Early Advocates of OB,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,226,The Systems Approach,System Defined A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. Basic Types of Systems Closed systems Are no

30、t influenced by and do not interact with their environment (all system input and output is internal). Open systems Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs and transforming them into outputs that are distributed into their environments.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All ri

31、ghts reserved.,227,Exhibit 2.6,The Organization as an Open System,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,228,Implications of the Systems Approach,Coordination of the organizations parts is essential for proper functioning of the entire organization. Decisions and actions taken in on

32、e area of the organization will have an effect in other areas of the organization. Organizations are not self-contained and, therefore, must adapt to changes in their external environment.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,229,The Contingency Approach,Contingency Approach Defin

33、ed Also sometimes called the situational approach. There is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations. Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing.,Copyri

34、ght 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,230,Exhibit 2.7,Popular Contingency Variables,Organization size Routineness of task technology Environmental uncertainty Individual differences,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,231,Current Trends and Issues,Globalization全球化 Eth

35、ics道德 Workforce Diversity劳动力多元化 Entrepreneurship创业精神 E-business电子商务 Knowledge Management 知识管理 Learning Organizations 学习型组织 Quality Management 质量管理,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,232,Current Trends and Issues (contd),Globalization Management in international organizations Pol

36、itical and cultural challenges of operating in a global market （BHP video) Ethics Increased emphasis on ethics education in college curriculums Increased creation and use of codes of ethics by businesses,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,233,Exhibit 2.8,A Process for Addressing

37、 Ethical Dilemmas,Step 1:What is the ethical dilemma? Step 2:Who are the affected stakeholders? Step 3:What personal, organizational, and external factors are important to my decision? Step 4:What are possible alternatives? Step 5:Make a decision and act on it.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All

38、 rights reserved.,234,利润重要还是人命重要, 60年代后期，美国的汽车业受到外国货，尤其是日本与德国汽车的激烈竞争，便急谋对策，企图力挽狂澜，夺回优势。福特汽车公司是美国三大汽车公司之一，自然要作出回应。1968年福特决定生产一种型号叫翩度的小型房跑车。为了节省成本，福特将正常的生产日程由三年半缩减为二年。 在翩度未正式投产前，福特将11部车进行安全试，公路安全局规定在时速20里的碰撞中，汽车的油缸要不漏油才算合格。测试的结果是，有8部翩度的碰撞中全部不合格，只有其余的8部由於改良了油缸，才通过了安全检查。 福特的行政人员要面对一个困难的抉择。如果依原来的生产日程生产，就

39、会对消费者的安全构成威胁；如果要改良油缸，就会延迟生产，增加成本，公司会继续处於下风，让外国车雄霸市场。要解决这个问题，福特做了一个成本效益分析，计算改良油缺的可能成本与效益，然后再作决定。 另一方面，公路安全局的估计，交通意外中每死1个人，社会就损失约20万元，这数字显示，加强安全设施的成本超出了效益。 根据利润极大化的考虑，福特公司作了毫不含糊的抉择保持原来的设计，不作安全的改装。这个决定，导致了严重的后果超过50人在翩度车中烧死，另多人烧伤。福特被控谋杀，但陪审团最后裁定福特无罪。 ,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserv

40、ed.,235,工作间的伦理无所不在, 某日，张三与同事周末出海钓鱼时，你就将在下星期会议上的项重要议程，向同事透露你用了无数心血想出来的意见，你同事赞你独具慧眼，意见精到。 开会时，在你未提意见之前，你同事却抢先将你告诉他的东西，当作自己的意见，向主席提出来，深得主席赏识。,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,236,Current Trends and Issues (contd),Workforce Diversity Increasing heterogeneity in the workforce More

41、gender, minority, ethnic, and other forms of diversity in employees The “melting pot” assumption has been replaced by the recognition and celebration of differences. Aging workforce Older employees who work longer and do not retire The increased costs of public and private benefits for older workers

42、 An increasing demand for products and services related to aging.,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,237,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,238,Current Trends and Issues (contd),Entrepreneurship Defined The process whereby an individual or group of individua

43、ls use organized efforts to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness.个人或者群体通过有组织的努力以创新的和独特的方式追求机会，创造价值和谋求增长。 Entrepreneurship process Pursuit of opportunities 追求机会 QQ Innovation in products, services, or business methods创新 Desire for continual growth of t

44、he organization增长,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,239,Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.,240,Current Trends and Issues (contd),E-Business (Electronic Business) The work preformed by an organization using electronic linkages to its key constituencies E-commerce: the sales and marketing component of an e-business (Case Amazon) Categories of E-Businesse