法律英语翻译.ppt

1、Translation of Legal Materials,Teaching Contents: Translation of legal materials Teaching Aims: To know more about legal materials and the corresponding translation skills Teaching Focus: Features of legal materials Requirements on translating legal materials Translation methods Teaching Methods: St

2、udent-centered (group work, then class work).,Teaching Plan,Features of legal materials,广义而言，法律文体通常包括宪法、法律、行政法规、条令、条例、条约、合同书、协议书、契约、遗嘱、文凭、各类证书、规程等。这些内容都以法律文书的形式固定下来，即以文字的形式固定下来。这类专用于法律文书的语言，具有一定的特点，所以称为法律语言。 法律语言具有权威性，它排斥多义与歧义。一些日常生活中使用的普通用语在法律文体中有了更为明确的概念含义。,Infant：,在法律上是指21岁或18岁以下的人,Demise：,在日常英语中

3、有许多意思，如死亡、终止、失败、职位的丧失等,在法律上，它专指财产的转让，或称让渡，或遗赠，如指死亡亦是专指引起财产或权力转让的死亡,每一个法律术语只能表达一个特定的法律概念。法律术语的词义必须单一而固定。任何人在任何情况下必须对其有同一的解释。不仅法律专门术语要求词义单一，由民族共同语转化而来的法律词汇也必须表达单一的法律概念。有些民族共同语属于多义词，但是其中一个义项在法律语境中有特定的法律含义，这种法律词汇也被称为人工法律术语。例如“assignment”在法律语境下表示“权利或财产的转让”，而不表示在日常用语中的“任务”的含义，“deed”不是日常所说的“行为”而是指法律中的“契约”。

4、,Features of legal materials,日常用语词汇,Make Want, need Subject, topic, matter Home Live Imagine, picture Begin Wish Work,Render Require Question Residence Reside Visualize Commence Desire Function,日常用语词汇,Features of legal materials,Vocabulary Syntax Structure,遣词造句准确明了，不含混晦涩；还有一些词是专门的法律术语；用词庄重，多用大词,严谨、规

5、范、紧凑、连贯性强、不松散,文章有其自身的程式，不求标新立异，各国法律文件的格式统一，行文笔调一致，篇章结构有统一要求，尤其是同类文本的开头结尾部分几乎是一致的,日常用语词汇 法律文体词汇 place locality tell acquaint refer advert work function (v.) by itself in isolation consideration factor show evince give denote think consider begin commence,Features of legal materials,为了加强法律文体的庄重性与严肃性，在

6、英语中还将平时极少见的古词语使用其中，一般这些词语多为副词，而且多以复合型副词为主。例如： 以here开头的词有： hereupon 于是 hereunder 下文 hereto 至此 hereof 在本文中 herewith 与此一道 herein 于此 hereafter 今后 hereat 由此 以there开头的词有： thereupon 在其上 thereunder 在其下 thereto 此外 thereof 由此 therewith 随即 therein 在那里,Features of legal materials,为了加强法律文体的庄重性与严肃性，在英语中还将平时极少见的古词

7、语使用其中，一般这些词语多为副词，而且多以复合型副词为主。例如： 此外还有一些以where开头的关系副词型的复合词，如： whereupon 据此 whereby 藉以 wherefore 为此 wherewith 用以 wherein 在那种情况下 whereof 关于那人（事，物） 这些词用来确指法律文本中的某一方或合同双方，使行文准确，从而提高法律文书的正式性。,Rules in translating legal materials,语言明确， 条理清晰， 行文严谨， 符合规范格式。,法律文书的语言是强调指称功能的，即强调其外延性意义。 由于英汉两种语言的结构方式和表达方式上的差别，在

8、翻译时既要注意保持原意又不使译文过分艰涩难懂，让译文明确，又合乎法律文本的规范，严谨而不死板。,在句法方面，法律文体长句多，几十个字、上百个字的长句司空见惯。为了使话语严谨，使用各种附加语、修饰语、说明语，以至句法成分前后编插、枝杈横生，句子结构膨胀，语法关系复杂化，又是读起来不畅。行文中少用代词，宁可重复名词。 由于法律文件主要是下命令及做出规定，因此法律文件的谓语动词结构比较简单，最常见的是 “应该”，“可以”, “必须”,一般采用英文中与之对应的，也是英文法律英语常用的谓语动词结构“should/shall/may + do/have done/be done”,对代词严格限制 法律英语

9、中，指人或物的词往往重复，而不使用代词，以避免代词指代不明而引起不同的理解与解释。 The Author should bear the cost of any necessary fees for textual and illustrative permissions but the Publishers agree to pay such fees on the Authors behalf up to an agreed maximum amount and may deduct the same from my sums that may become due to the Auth

10、or under this Agreement.,shall的使用 在法律文体中，shall具有特殊含义，表示 “应当承担的责任和义务”, 带有指令性和强制性，充分体现了法律文件的权威性和约束性。可以用于各种时态。Should在法律问题中，不表示法律义务，只表示一般义务或道义上的义务，一般译为应该或应当，,Examples,2. 如在解释上遇在分歧，应以英文本为准。,In case of any divergence of interpretation, the English text shall prevail.,2. 如在解释上遇到分歧，应以英文本为准。,All the activiti

11、es of a joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the Peoples Republic of China.,3. 合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。,Examples,1. Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the contractor shall execute and complete the works and remedy the de

12、fects therein in strict accordance with the contract to the satisfaction of the engineer.,除法律或外界条件不允许的情况之外，承包商应严格按合同施工和竣工，并改正工作中的任何缺陷，达到工程师满意的程度。,译一：Export products manufactured by foreign invested enterprises in the New Area, except those under other existing regulations by the State, shall be exem

13、pted from Customs duty.,4. 本新区内外商投资企业生产的出口产品，除国家另有规定的产品之外，免征关税。,译二： Exports manufactured by foreign-invested enterprises in the New Area are duty-free, unless otherwise regulated by the State.,Examples,有失简练 译意失真 滥用 “shall”,Existing problems,有失简练,Existing problems,1. 出让合同中规定必须拆除的技术设备，受让人应按时拆除。,译一：The

14、 transferee shall demolish and remove such technological equipment in time as required to be demolished and removed by the grant contract.,译二：The grantee shall demolish and remove in time such technological equipment as so required by the grant contract.,译意失真,Existing problems,1. 在下述情况下，ABC公司将保护买方不受

15、损失。,译一：Subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth, ABC company will indemnify and protect the Purchaser against any losses or damage.,译二：Subject to the following conditions, ABC company will and protect the Purchaser against any losses or damage.,滥用 “shall”,Existing problems,“shall” can be used

16、 to indicate that something is to be done if or when something else “shall” happen in the future. In drafting legal documents the use of “shall” in this way should be avoided.,滥用 “shall”,Existing problems,如乙方有违反本合同的行为，,译一：If Party B shall commit any material breach of this Contract, ,译二： If Party B

17、commits any breach of this contract, ,Existing problems,自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。 Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders or to collect any account after September 20.,改译: Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders or to collect any acco

18、unt on and after September 20. 注：原文中所指时间应该包括9月20日这一天。但是原译忽略了这一点，改译后的译文补上一个介词on，使译文的意思与原文达到完全的一致，避免有人在这一英汉法律用语上钻时间的空子。,Exercises,1. 如在解释上遇有分歧，应以英文文本为准。 2. 合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关规定。 3. 通过协商无法解决的争议应由争议方提交缔约各方，按本公约第五十五条的规定召开会议，该会审议并提出解决争议的建议。,In case of any divergence of interpretation, the English

19、 text shall prevail. All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the PRC.,Any dispute which is not settled by negotiation shall be referred by the Contracting Parties in dispute to the Contracting Parties, meeting in conform

20、ity with Article 55 of this Convention, which shall thereupon consider the dispute and make recommendations for its settlements.,4. 付款人对于背书支票的付款，应负有识别背书连续之责，但对于背书签名，不负识别真伪之责。,The drawee who pays an endorsable check is bound to verify the regularity of the series of endorsement, but not the signature

21、 of the endorsers.,在任一缔约国提出的保护发明的申请都可 以按照本条约规定提出国际申请。,Applications for the protection of inventions in any of the Contracting States may be filed as international applications under this Treaty.,（1）任何缔约国（2）都可以适用本国法，（3）要求（4）集体商标或证明商标的（5）所有人（6）向其国家主管机关提出(7)一些证明或其他证明，(8)特别要包括(9)持有这种商标的协会或其他团体的章程(10)和有关

22、监督这种商标的使用的规则。,(1)Any Contracting State (2) may apply its national law (3) requiring (4) that where the mark is a collective mark or a certificate mark (5) the owner thereof （6）must adduce(举出证据/理由等) before its national Office (7) certain supporting documents and other evidence, (8) including in parti

23、cular (9)the bylaws(社团规章制度) of the association or other entity owning such mark (10) and the rules concerning the control exercises over the use of such mark.,如果合同被宣告无效，而在宣告无效后一段合理时间内，买方已以合理的方式购买替代物，或者卖方已以合理方式把货物转卖，则要求损害赔偿的一方可以取得合同价格和替代货物交易价格之间的差额以及按照第七十四条规定可以取得的任何其他损害赔偿。,If the contract is voided a

24、nd if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after voidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further

25、 damages recoverable under article 74.,合同编号 签订日期 :_ 签订地点 :_ 买方： 地址： 电话:_传真:电子邮箱: 卖方： 地址： 电话:_传真: 电子邮箱:,Contract No: _ Date:_ Signed at:_ The Buyer: Address: Tel:_Fax: E-mail: The Seller: Address: Tel:_Fax: E-mail:,买卖双方同意按照下列条款签订本合同： 1.货物名称、规格和质量： 2.数量： 允许的溢短装 3.单价： 4.总值： 5.交货条件FOB/CFR/CIF 6.原产地国与制造商

26、: 7.包装及标准： 货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装，由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。,The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below: 1.Name, Specifications and Quality of Commodity： 2.Quantity： % more or le

27、ss allowed 3.Unit Price： 4.Total Amount： 5.Terms of Delivery FOB/CFR/CIF 6.Country of Origin and Manufacturers: 7.Packing： The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness, rust, moisture, erosion and shock, and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/ multiple transportation. The Selle

28、r shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing. The measurement, gross weight, net weight and the cautions such as Do not stack up side down, Keep away from moisture, Handle with care shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fa

29、deless pigment.,8.唛头： 9.装运期限： 10.装运口岸： 11.目的口岸： 12.保险： 由按发票金额110%投保险和附加险。 13.付款条件： (1)信用证方式：买方应在装运期前/合同生效后日，开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的议付信用证，信用证在装船完毕后日内到期。 (2)付款交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，按即期付款交单（D/P）方式，通过卖方银行及银行向买方转交单证，换取货物。 (3)承兑交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，付款期限为后日，按即期承兑交单(D/A日)方式，通过卖方银行及银行，经买方承兑后，向买方转交单证，买方在

30、汇票期限到期时支付货款。 (4)货到付款：买方在收到货物后天内将全部货款支付卖方（不适用于FOB、CRF、CIF术语）。,8.Shipping Marks： 9.Time of Shipment： 10.Port of Loading： 11.Port of Destination： 12.Insurance： Insurance shall be covered by the _ for 110% of the invoice value against _ Risks and _ Additional Risks. 13.Terms of Payment： (1)Letter of Cre

31、dit: The Buyer shall, _ days prior to the time of shipment /after this Contract comes into effect, open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Seller. The Letter of Credit shall expire _ days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated.,(2)Documents against payment: After

32、shipment, the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the Buyer and deliver the documents through Sellers bank and _ Bank to the Buyer against payment, i.e D/P. The Buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill(s) of exchange. (3)Documents against Acceptanc

33、e: After shipment, the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange, payable_ days after the Buyers delivers the document through Sellers bank and _Bank to the Buyer against acceptance (D/A _ days). The Buyer shall make the payment on date of the bill of exchange. (4) Cash on delivery (COD): The Buyer

34、 shall pay to the Seller total amount within _ days after the receipt of the goods (This clause is not applied to the Terms of FOB, CFR, CIF).,14.单据： 卖方应将下列单据提交银行议付/托收： (1)标明通知收货人/受货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付的海运/联运/陆运提单。 (2)标有合同编号、信用证号（信用证支付条件下）及装运唛头的商业发票一式份； (3)由出具的装箱或重量单一式份； (4)由出具的质量证明书一式

35、份； (5)由出具的数量证明书一式份； (6)保险单正本一式份(CIF交货条件)； (7)签发的产地证一式份；,14.Documents Required： The Seller shall present the following documents required to the bank for negotiation/collection: (1) Full set of clean on board Ocean/Combined Transportation/Land Bills of Lading and blank endorsed marked freight prepaid

36、/ to collect; (2)Signed commercial invoice in _copies indicating Contract No., L/C No. (Terms of L/C) and shipping marks; (3)Packing list/weight memo in _ copies issued by； (4) Certificate of Quality in _ copies issued by； (5) Certificate of Quantity in _ copies issued by； (6) Insurance policy/certi

37、ficate in _ copies (Terms of CIF)； (7) Certificate of Origin in _ copies issued by； (8)The Seller shall, within _ hours after shipment effected, send by courier each copy of the above-mentioned documents No.,装运通知: 卖方应在交运后_小时内以特快专递方式邮寄给买方上述第项单据副本一式一套。 15.装运条款： (1) FOB交货方式 卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天，以方式通知买方合同号

38、、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期，以便买方安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期到达装运港后，如卖方不能按时装船，发生的空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。在货物越过船弦并脱离吊钩以前一切费用和风险由卖方负担。 (2) CIF或CFR 交货方式 卖方须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目的港。在CFR术语下，卖方应在装船前2天以方式通知买方合同号、品名、发票价值及开船日期，以便买方安排保险。,15.Terms of Shipment： (1)FOB The Seller shall, 30 days before the shipment date specified in the Con

39、tract, advise the Buyer by _ of the Contract No., commodity, quantity, amount, packages, gross weight, measurement, and the date of shipment in order that the Buyer can charter a vessel/book shipping space. In the event of the Sellers failure to effect loading when the vessel arrives duly at the loa

40、ding port, all expenses including dead freight and/or demurrage charges thus incurred shall be for the Sellers account.,(2) CIF、CFR The Seller shall ship the goods duly within the shipping duration from the port of loading to the port of destination. Under CFR terms, the Seller shall advise the Buye

41、r by _ of the Contract No., commodity, invoice value and the date of dispatch two days before the shipment for the Buyer to arrange insurance in time.,16.装运通知： 一俟装载完毕，卖方应在小时内以方式通知买方合同编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名/车/机号及启程日期等。 17.质量保证： 货物品质规格必须符合本合同及质量保证书之规定，品质保证期为货到目的港个月内。在保证期限内，因制造厂商在设计制造过程中的缺陷造成的货物损害应由卖方

42、负责赔偿。,16.Shipping Advice： The Seller shall, immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods, advise the Buyer of the Contract No., names of commodity, loading quantity, invoice values, gross weight, name of vessel and shipment date by _ within _hours. 17.Quality Guarantee： The Seller sha

43、ll guarantee that the commodity must be in conformity with the quatity, specifications and quantity specified in this Contract and Letter of Quality Guarantee. The guarantee period shall be _ months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, and during the period the Seller shall be

44、responsible for the damage due to the defects in designing and manufacturing of the manufacturer.,18.检验（以下两项任选一项）： （1）卖方须在装运前日委托检验机构对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书，货到目的港后，由买方委托检验机构进行检验。 (2)发货前，制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面的检验，出具检验证明书，并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后，买方将申请中国商品检验局(以下简称商检局)对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验，如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符，除

45、保险公司或轮船公司的责任外，买方得在货物到达目的港后日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。在保证期内，如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时，买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。,18.Inspection： （1）The Seller shall have the goods inspected by _ days before the shipment and have the Inspection Certificate issued by_. The Buyer may have the goods reinspected by _ after the

46、goods诰rrival at the destination. (2)The manufacturers shall, before delivery, make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods with regard to its quality, specifications, performance and quantity/weight, and issue inspection certificates certifying the technical data and conclusion of the in

47、spection. After arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau (hereinafter referred to as CCIB) for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods.,If damages of the goods are found, or the specifications a

48、nd/or quantity are not in conformity with the stipulations in this Contract, except when the responsibilities lies with Insurance Company or Shipping Company, the Buyer shall, within _ days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, claim against the Seller, or reject the goods according

49、 to the inspection certificate issued by CCIB. In case of damage of the goods incurred due to the design or manufacture defects and/or in case the quality and performance are not in conformity with the Contract, the Buyer shall, during the guarantee period, request CCIB to make a survey.,19.索赔： 买方凭其

50、委托的检验机构出具的检验证明书向卖方提出索赔（包括换货），由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负担。若卖方收到上述索赔后_天未予答复，则认为卖方已接受买方索赔。 20.迟交货与罚款: 除合同第21条不可抗力原因外，如卖方不能按合同规定的时间交货，买方应同意在卖方支付罚款的条件下延期交货。罚款可由议付银行在议付货款时扣除，罚款率按每天收%，不足天时以天计算。但罚款不得超过迟交货物总价的_%。如卖方延期交货超过合同规定天时，买方有权撤销合同， 此时，卖方仍应不迟延地按上述规定向买方支付罚款。 买方有权对因此遭受的其它损失向卖方提出索赔。,19.Claim： The buyer shall make a cl

51、aim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller. The claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Seller fail to reply within _days after the Seller received th

52、e Buyers claim.,20.Late delivery and Penalty: Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract, with the exception of Force Majeure causes specified in Clause 21 of this Contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on the condition that the Seller agree to pa

53、y a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation. The rate of penalty is charged at_% for every _ days, odd days less than _days should be counted as _ days. But the penalty, however, shall not exceed_% of the total value of the goods involved in the delayed

54、delivery. In case the Seller fail to make delivery _ days later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract and the Seller, in spite of the cancellation, shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyer without delay. The buyer

55、 shall have the right to lodge a claim against the Seller for the losses sustained if any.,21.不可抗力： 凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任。在发生上述情况时，卖方应立即通知买方，并在天内，给买方特快专递一份由当地民间商会签发的事故证明书。在此情况下，卖方仍有责任采取一切必要措施加快交货。如事故延续天以上，买方有权撤销合同。 22.争议的解决: 凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议应协商解决。若协商不成，应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会，按照申请仲裁

56、时该会现行有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束 力。,21.Force Majeur： The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The Seller shall advise the Buyer immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within_ days thereafter the Seller shall send a notice by courier to the Buye