全新版大学英语第四册课件[climbenglish.com攀登英语网].ppt

1、College EnglishBook 4,卢冠东编讲QQ:403096966 更多资源访问：攀登英语网 Henan University of Urban Construction,Unit 2,Unit 3,Unit 4,Unit 5,Unit 6,Unit 7,Unit 8,Unit 1,Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature,Text A The Icy Defender,Teaching Plan,Objectives : 1. grasp the main idea and structure of the text ; 2. do a

2、comparison and contrast between Napoleons invasion of Russia and Hitlers invasion of the Soviet Union ; 3. master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text ; 4. conduct a series of reading ,listening ,speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit .,Man changes

3、 nature in order to live . However ,man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature . When Napoleon and Hitler finally realized their arrogance (傲慢) , it was already too late . When you read this text , please pay attention to the subtitles in the text . Thus youll have a better underst

4、anding of the text structure .(注意标题,小标题) Then youd better read Parts I (introduction),Clues for reading the text and the main contents,and IV (conclusion) , as they have a close connection . And sum up the main ideas of each part . Next , read Part II and Part III , which are facts about Napoleons m

5、ilitary campaign against Russia and Hitlers military campaign against the Soviet Union respectively . And sum up the main ideas . Of Part II and Part III . Finally , analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions in the form of a table . (培养比较相同性,对比差异性的能力),A Comparison-and-Contra

6、st of the Two Invasions :,Analyze the difficult sentences,1. To his surprise ,the Russians refused to stand and fight . (line 20) to his (my) surprise ， 使他（我）惊奇的是 to ones delight ， 说来真使某人高兴 to my great relief ，使我大为欣喜的是 (much) to my regret ， 非常抱歉 to ones disappointment , 失望的是 2. Borodino ,112 Kilomet

7、er west of Moscow .(line 32) 莫斯科以西112公里远 in the east (of) 在的东部 on /to the east of 在的东方,west of 在的西面 lie north and south 横亘南北 3. By nightfall ,thirty thousand French and forty-four thousand Russians Lay dead or wounded on the battlefield (lines 32-34). 学习vi + adj. construction : 有时一个不及物动词后跟一个形容词（或名词）

8、，说明主语的状态或特征，作用接近表语，这样的句子也可以说包含了一个复合谓语。 如：He sat silent at the table .他坐在桌旁一言不发。 （= He sat at the table and he was silent .） A rich old lady lay dead at home that day . (= She lay at home and she was dead that day .),又如： fall ill , stand still , fall asleep ,marry young , etc. He died a martyr (n. 烈士

9、) to his country. 他为国牺牲 .(此为名词示例),第一课 . Language Study 1. in the case of: as far as . is concerned至于，就来说 Examples: The rise in interest rate will be disastrous in the case of small firms. Formal training will take at least 3 years in the case of interior decoration. 2. stand / get / be in the way: p

10、revent from doing sth.挡道;妨碍 Examples: Many teachers complain that they cant make any improvement in teaching methods as the existing exam system is in the way. I dont think kids have as much fun as we used to. Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of their development.,3. raw: cold and wet; no

11、t cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed adj. 阴冷的;生的;未加工的 Examples: The events took place on a raw February morning. This cutting board is only used to cut raw meat. Industrial plants processed the raw material into finished products for export and for domestic consumption. 4. launch: sta

12、rt; send (sth.) on its course vt.开始;发射 Examples: Beginning in the early 19608, humans launched probes to explore other planets. On October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the worlds first artificial satellite, called Sputnik.,5. campaign: a series of military operations or planned activities wit

13、h a particular aim n.战役;运动 Examples: Hitlers advisers tried to persuade him to avoid the risks of a winter campaign in the Soviet Union and wait until spring. Some people complained that too much money had been spent on political campaigns. 6. efficient: able to work well or producing a satisfactory

14、 result without wasting time or resources adj.效率 Examples: Remote terminals in the home, connected to data banks, make the home the most efficient place to work in many cases. To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more efficient cars. 7. conquest: conquering, defeat n.征服,战胜 Examples: The year

15、 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany. Hitler badly miscalculated when he assumed the conquest of the USSR would be simple.,8. decisive: producing a definite result or conclusion; having or showing the ability to decide quickly adj.决定性的,果断的 Examples: Most of the decisive land campaig

16、ns of World War i occurred on the continent of Europe. Lincoln took decisive measures to end slavery. The adoption of the curt is widely viewed as a decisive step toward a single European government. 9. retreat: move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty vi.退却 Examples: After a fierc

17、e battle, the troops retreated southward. We adopted the following strategies: When the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue. 10. be / get bogged down: be unable to make progress陷入泥潭;不有前进 Examples: Most of the tanks were bogged down because of mechanical defects and inexperienced

18、 crews. The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities.,11. engage: begin fighting with sb.; (cause to) take part in or do etc. v.与交战;使从事;占有(时间,精力等) Examples: The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immedi

19、ately. I have no time to engage in gossip. We failed to engage any active support for our project. engage (sh.) in sth. : (cause to) take part in sth. Examples: They are currently engaged in lengthy wade negotiations. The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation. 12. be faced with: have t

20、o deal with面临;要对付 Examples: The librarians were faced with the huge task of listing all the books. I am faced with the awful job of breaking the news to the boys family.,13. crucial very important (followed by to) adj.至关重要的 Examples: Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory in the crucial final ga

21、me. Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery. 14. take a gamble: take a risk冒险 Examples: The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. I think shes taking a gamble investing all her money in stocks. 15. press on / ahead: continue doing sth. in

22、 a determined way (used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.)(不顾困难)继续前进 Examples: Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform. Organizers of the strike are determined to press on.,16. occupation: the seizure and control of a country or areas; (ones) trade, profession, or

23、 business. n.占领;职业 Examples: During the Japanese occupation of China, millions of innocent Chinese people we killed by Japanese soldiers. Many schools have struggled to meet the educational requirements of new technology- based occupations. 17. bide ones time: wait patiently for a chance等待时机 Example

24、s: His political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies. He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a professorship. 18. minus: below zero; made less by; negative, slightly lower than the mark stated prep.零下;减; adj.负的，稍低 Examples: Tomorrows temperature will be as low

25、as minus ten degrees centigrade. 20 minus 10 is 10, I got B minus in the final examination.,19. drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously缓慢费力地走;拖延 Examples: These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year. How much longer is the meeting going to drag on? 20

26、. stroke: any of a series of repeated movements; single successful or effective action or occurrence; blow n.一次;一回;一下;一击 Examples: I saw a chance of solving all my problems at a stroke. He drove in a nail with one stroke of the hammer. He won a car in the lottery last week. Thats Iris first stroke o

27、f good luck. 21. at the cost of: with the loss of以为代价 Examples: Berhman saved Johnsy at the cost of his own life. The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment. 22. limp: walk with difficulty, esp. when one foot or leg is hurt vi.一瘸一拐地走;跛行 I injured my ankle and had to li

28、mp.,23. weaken: (cause to) become weak or weaker v. (使)虚弱; (使)变弱 Examples: The Asian financial crisis severely weakened some countries. Pneumonia often proves fatal to people with a weakened immune system. 24. alliance: a union or an association formed for mutual benefit, esp. between countries or o

29、rganizations. n.联盟 Examples: NATO is considered as the most powerful military alliance in modem history. Japan and Germany made their formal alliance in 1940. 25. invasion: an entering or being entered by an attacking military force n.入侵;侵略 Examples: The country remained free from invasion for 60 ye

30、ars. On Hitlers orders, the invasion of Poland began on September 1, 1939.,26, declaration: formally announcing; a formal announcement (followed by of) n.宣部;宣言 Examples: The opening speeches sounded more like declarations of war than offerings of peace. The Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at P

31、earl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7.1941 without a declaration of war. 27. catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise 趁某人不防 Examples: The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard. The manager didnt know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard. 28. instruct: give orders

32、 or directions to (sb,) (used in the patterns: instruct sb, to do sth.; instruct sb. that; instruct sb. with quote); teach (sb.) (used in the pattern: instruct sb. in /on sth.) vt.指示,命令;讲授 Examples: The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation. The professor instructed us tha

33、t we bad one month to conduct the project. Go and have a word with her, Ken, Peter instructed. He instructed family members in nursing techniques.,29. render: cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition (same as make) vt.使成为;致使(处于某种状况) Examples: Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the e

34、arthquake. The drug will render the tiger harmless for up to two hours. He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck. 30. casualty: a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident n.伤亡人员;死伤者 Examples: The precise number of casualties in yesterdays bomb explosion is not kn

35、own. First reports of the traffic accident tell of more than 50 casualties. 31. die from / of: have as the cause of death死于 Examples: Some animals died of starvation in the snow. All the plants were dying from lack of rain.,32. siege: a military operation in which an army tries to capture a town, et

36、c.by stopping the supply of food, etc. to the people inside n.围困,包围,围观 Examples: We must do everything possible to lift the siege. They are hopeful of bringing the siege to a peaceful conclusion. The city was under siege for six months. 33. bring to a halt: stop completely使停止 Examples: Air traffic i

37、n Poland had been brought to a halt by an air traffic controllers strike. Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm.,34. offensive: aggressive action, attack n.进攻adj.进攻的,冒犯的,使人不快的 Examples: The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion. In January 1944 a Soviet offensive ra

38、ised the long siege of Leningrad. adj. used for or connected with attack; causing sb. to feel upset, or annoyed; very unpleasant Examples: Faced with the invasion, they took immediate offensive action. He made crude jokes that are offensive to women. There is an offensive smell in the room. 35. turn

39、 the tide (against): change what looks like defeat into victory (over)改变局势,转败为胜 Examples: The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the tide of war. Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the tide of the war in Europe. 36. thanks to: because of由于,因为 Examples: Thanks to her financial support, the two childre

40、n in the remote village could go to school. Thanks to their tireless efforts, the performance was a great success.,37. heroic: having the characteristics of a hero; very brave adj.英雄的,英勇的 Examples: The soldier saved the girl at the cost of his own hie. His heroic deeds were appreciated by all the pe

41、ople in the community. He was famed for his heroic deeds during the war. 38. region: area n.地区 Example: In recent years increasing numbers of tourists have visited Antarctica to appreciate the regions majestic scenery and wildlife. 39. reckon: count; consider; think v.计算;认为 Examples: The existence o

42、f the U.S. is reckoned from the Declaration of Independence. Many people reckon him to be a great basketball player. be reckoned with: be taken into consideration Examples: All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose. She is a woman to be reckoned with.,40. toll: the number of people or

43、 animals killed or injured in particular circumstances; money paid for the use of a bridge or road n.伤亡人数;(路,桥)通行费 造成损失(伤亡等) Examples: The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise. The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of the roads. take its / a toll: cause damage, inju

44、ries or deaths (often followed by of/ on) Examples: The famine took a toll of 3,000,000 lives. His hard work has taken its toll on his stomach. High wages have taken their toll on the Swedish economy.,Chinese TransIations of Texts A(Units 18) 参考译文 第一单元 与自然力量抗争 课文A 就拿拿破仑和希特勒两人来说吧，他们所向披靡，便以为自己战 冰雪卫士 奈

45、拉B史密斯 1812年，法国皇帝拿破仑波拿巴率大军入侵俄罗斯。他准备好俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗。 他准备好在俄罗斯广袤的国土上要经过长途跋涉才能进军首都莫斯科。但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭 遇劲敌俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。 1941年，纳粹德国元首阿道夫希特勒进攻当时被称作苏联的俄罗斯。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。 他的战争机器扫除了欧洲绝大部分地区的抵抗。希特勒希望速战速决，但是，就像在他之前的拿破仑 一样，他得到的是痛苦的教训。仍是俄罗斯的冬天助了苏维埃士兵一臂之力。 拿破仑发起的战役 1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。这些士兵受过良好训练，作战力强，装备精良。 这支军队被称为大军

46、。拿破仑对马到成功充满自信，预言要在5个星期内攻下俄国。 不久，拿破仓的大军渡过涅曼河进入俄国。拿破仑期盼着的速决速胜迟迟没有发生。令 他吃惊的是，俄国人并不奋起抵抗。相反他们一路东撒，沿途焚毁庄稼和民居。大军紧追 不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。 到了8月，法俄两军在斯摩棱斯克交战，这一战役中，双方各有上万人阵亡。可是俄国 人仍能在自己的国土上继续后撤。拿破仑未能取得决定性的胜利。此刻他面临着一个重要抉 择。是继续追击俄国军队，还足把军队驻扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那儿度过将到的冬天? 拿破仑孤注一掷，决定向远在448公里之外的莫斯科进发。1 812年9月7日，法俄两军在莫斯科以

47、西112公里外的鲍罗季诺激战，夜幕降临时，3万名法国士兵以及4万4千名俄国士兵或伤或亡，倒在了战场上。,俄国军队再次撤往安全之处。拿破仑顺利进入莫斯科，然而，对该市的占领成为毫无意 义的胜利。俄国人弃城而走。法国人进城不久，一场熊熊大火烧毁丁整个城市的三分之二。拿破仑向亚历山大一世提出停战，但沙皇深知他可以等待时机：“且让俄罗斯的严冬为我们战斗吧。” 拿破仑很快意识到，他无法在冬天向远在莫斯科的军队供应粮草、提供御寒衣物和宿营 之地。1812年10月，他命令大军撤出莫斯科。 法军的撤离成为一场噩梦。俄国人出没于田野与森林，采用打了就跑的战术，向法国人 发起攻击。刚出莫斯科城，气温就降到摄氏零下

48、4度。11月3目降了初雪。困乏的马匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。装备只得被用作燃料焚烧。士兵们染病冻死。法国士兵拖着脚步行进，一路上留下无数死尸。 正当俄罗斯军队集聚兵力之时，法国人却不得不逃离俄国，以避免注定的失败。在别列 兹那河，俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥粱，差点将后撤的法军团于河边。侥幸的是，拿破 仑居然突击造起两座桥。成千上万法国士兵得以逃脱，但却损失了5万人。渡过别列兹拿河， 溃不成军的幸存者一瘸一拐地向维尔纽行进。 拿破仑发兵60万进入俄国，只有不到10万士兵返回。元气大伤的法国军队在欧洲继续西撤。不久，英国、奥地利、俄国以及普鲁士组成强大的联盟，攻击这些散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴

49、黎被攻占。拿破仑退位去过流放生活，他缔造的帝国随之灭亡。,希特勒的入侵 到1941年初，纳粹德国元首阿道夫希特勒已经控制了欧洲大部分地区。希特勒的德意志帝国的东部与苏联毗邻。1941年6月22曰，希特勒不宣而战，入侵苏联，发动了历史上规模最大的一场陆地战役。希特勒自信能速战速决，预计这一战役不会超过3个月。他计划采用征服了欧洲其余地区的闪电式战略。入侵汁划包含三大目标：向列宁格勒与莫斯科进攻，并横扫乌克兰。 苏联领导人约瑟夫斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前 实行“焦土”政策。农场和工厂被焚烧毁坏，或被弄得无法运转。在入侵的最初10个星期内，德国人一路东进。俄国人伤亡人

50、数多达一百多万。 在北方，德国人包围了列宁格勒。尽管忍受着极大困苦，列宁格勒的人民绝不投降。列 宁格勒保卫战一直持续到冬季，此时该市的处境变得危急。由于食品匮乏人们死于饥饿与 疾病。到了1941年和1942年之间的寒冬，几乎每天有4千人死于饥饿。列宁格勒之围造成近百万人死亡。 在俄国中部，希特勒的目标是占领莫斯科。由于德国人指望速战速决，他们没有准备过 冬的补给。IO 月来临，大雨不停。“泥泞将军”拖延了德国人闪电式进攻的行动。 正当希特勒的军队逼近莫斯科时，寒冷的冬季早早地降临苏联，那是多年不遇的严寒。气 温降到摄氏零下48度。大雪纷飞。对俄国的严寒冬季毫无思想准备的德国士兵身着单薄的夏装，

51、 一个个被冻伤。德国人的坦克掩埋往深深的雪堆中。俄罗斯的冬季阻止了德国人的攻势。 到1942夏天，希特勒又发起两场新的攻势。往南方，德国人占领了塞瓦斯托波尔。希特勒随后向东推进到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏尔加河绵延48公里的一座大工业城市。尽管艰苦卓绝，苏联抵抗者拒绝放弃斯大林格勒。,到1942夏天，希特勒又发起两场新的攻势。往南方，德国人占领了塞瓦斯托波尔。希特勒随后向东推进到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏尔加河绵延48公里的一座大工业城市。尽管艰苦卓绝，苏联抵抗者拒绝放弃斯大林格勒。 1942年11月，俄国人发起了一场反攻。德国军队在斯大林格勒城内外几乎没有挡风避寒的地方，食品和补给的匮乏更使其元气大伤。

52、直到1943年1月德国人才放弃围城。进攻斯大林格勒的30万德国人只剩下9万忍饥挨饿的士兵。斯大林格勒一战的失利最终使希特勒时乖运蹇。部分地由于俄罗斯的冬季，德国人走向失败了。 在1943年与1944年期间，苏联军队将德军阵线往西逼退。在北方，1944年1月15日， 红军发起突然袭击，解除了列宁格勒长达3年之久的围困。列宁格勒那些英勇无畏的幸存者看着入侵者在两个早期内全部撤离。到了1944年3月，乌克兰的农村又回到了苏维埃手中。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波尔从德国人手中被解放出来。至此，俄国人向柏林进发。 就希特勒而言，对苏联的入侵成为一场军事灾难。对俄罗斯人民来说，这场入侵带来了 无法形容的

53、苦难。苏维埃在第一次世界大战中死亡的人数几乎达到2千3百万。 俄罗斯的冰雪卫士 任何军事行动都必须考虑到自然的因素。拿破仑和希特勒都低估了俄罗斯冬季的严酷。 冰雪和极低的气温使两支侵略军付出惨重的代价。对俄罗斯人民而言，严冬是他们的冰雪卫 上。,Unit 2 Smart Cars,Text A Smart Cars,Teaching Plan,Objectives : 1. understand the main idea and structure of the text ; 2. learn some techniques in expository writing (definition

54、 , quotes , a mixture of facts and opinions , etc.) ; 3. grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text ; 4. conduct a series of reading , listening , speaking , and writing activities related to the theme of the unit .,Clues for reading the text and the main contents,Some scie

55、ntists and engineers have come up with the idea of a smart car . Whats a smart car and what this “smart car” can do ? See Text Organization Exercise 1 ,fill in the main ideas as soon as you finish studying a part . Facts and opinions are often interwoven (交织) in expository writing , and we must lear

56、n to distinguish them . Please tell sentences that express opinions from factual statements in Part I . (分辨事实和看法),Another ability - finding out definitions : 弄明定义. Provide definitions for “blind spot” and “global positioning system”, “atomic clock”, “automated driver .” Smart cars are superior to or

57、dinary cars in many ways . What are the features of smart cars as mentioned in the text . Compare these words : sense , pick up , determine , detect .,Analyze the difficult sentences,1. The automobile industry rank as among the most lucrative and powerful industries of the twentieth century . (lines

58、 4-5) 译：汽车工业是世纪最赚钱最有影响力的产业之一 as among ,在之中（二重介词-由两个介词搭配而成） 如：from under ,from behind ,until after ,in between 等 例：Choose a book from among these . 从这些书中挑一本,2. They make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet .(lines 43-44). 译：我们有可能以小于100英尺的误差确定你在地球 上的方位 学习“v + it（形式宾语）+ adj.（补语）+ to do （真正宾语）”的用法： 例：We dont consider it possible to set back the clock of history .,Text Analysis,What jumps out first at a browser of this text may be those terms in quotation