法律写作The Official Memorandum _.ppt

1、Books: Authors surname and initials or first name Year of publication Title of books in italics (or underlined if hand-written) Name of publisher Place of publication Examples: Kaberry, P. (1939)Aboriginal Women, Sacred and Profane. Routledge, London. Articles in Journals, Periodicals and Newspapers

2、 Authors surname followed by initials or first name Year of publication Title of article in single quotation marks Title of journal in italics (or underlined) Volume number and issue number, if applicable Page number/s Example: McFarlane, B. 1965, India: The political economy of crisis. The Australi

3、an Quarterly, vol. 37, March, p.9.,A SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY,Bone, Pamela, (1993), Crying Shame. Women and Human Rights.The Sydney Morning Herald,28 June, p.9.(Newspaperarticle, author known) Blainey, G. (1966),The Tyranny of Distance.Sun Books, Melbourne.(Book) Brough, S. (ed.) (1989)The Economic Atlas

4、,Hutchinson, London.(Reference book edited work) Computer industry blamed,Sydney Morning Herald,7 July 1997, p.3.(Newspaper article, author unknown) Cotton, C. (1994) A tyranny of Censors in Myanmar,World Press Express,vol 41, March, p. 33.(Journal article),Bibliography continued,Kelly, N n.d.,Hangi

5、ng Out at Glenrowan.Bushwhackers Press, Melbourne. (Work with no publication date) Leech, O. (1993), Call for research shake-up.Australian,11 August, p.13. (Newspaper article),Writing a prose summary (Precis),A prose summary is a condensed, paraphrased version of the original material which can be v

6、ery useful to you for inclusion in essays and reports. A summary should contain only the information that has been presented in the original passage. Therefore,do not: include your own opinions use your own examples give additional information alter the balance of any argument presented,Some tips fo

7、r writing a summary,Write in continuous prose, with a logical connection of ideas. Words such as but, however, nevertheless, because, therefore, and although are useful to establish a smooth flow of ideas. However, you must use them with care and accuracy so that you do not distort the original mean

8、ing. Use reported or indirect speech and the third person. For example: The chief inspector said, I have never seen such a horrible crime in all my years as a police officer. (Direct speech.)The chief inspector claimed never to have witnessed such a horrible crime throughout his entire career as a p

9、olice officer. (Indirect speech, paraphrased) When using indirect speech, use the past tense (as above). Write in formal English. Use your own words (paraphrase) as far as possible. Leave out examples, illustrations, etc. activity,ActivityWrite a summary of the table: The rise of the one person hous

10、ehold.,How to write a summary of the information from a table,Mention the important points raised or questions asked. Mention the sample (ie the people who were interviewed) if important Concentrate on the main findings of the survey: do not try to report on every aspect, especially if it is highly

11、complex Try to generalise the findings (ie facts and figures) Use reported (or indirect) rather than direct speech.,Exercise: Writing a summary from a table.,Sample Answer,Nine major European countries are represented in the graph, which depicts the rise of one person households between 1981 and 199

12、1. The graph shows that while the percentage of such households varies considerably, all countries, except perhaps Spain, experienced an increase in the ten years between 1981 and 1991.Sweden (at 40%) showed the highest percentage of one-person households, while Germany (at 35%) and Denmark (at 34%)

13、 were also high. Five countries between 29% and 21%, with Spain showing the lowest percentage at only 10%.Over the ten-year period, the Netherlands had the biggest increase (13%), closely followed by Sweden (11%). Ireland only showed a 4% increase, the three countries - Denmark, France and the U.K.

14、- showed a 3% increase. The lowest increase was in Austria (1%).As no figures were available for Spain in 1981, it cannot be seen whether the number of one person households (10%) in fact represents a rise over the 10-year period.163 words.,Memo purpose,Usually you write memos to inform readers of s

15、pecific information. You might also write a memo to persuade others to take action, give feedback on an issue, or react to a situation. However, most memos communicate basic information, such as meeting times or due dates Before writing a memo, outline what your purpose is for doing so, and decide i

16、f the memo is the best communication channel.,General Formatmemo,When you write a memo, you will follow a general format. Your instructor or company may have specific requirements that you must use. For instance, a company might have a particular way of presenting a heading or may even use a specifi

17、c type of letterhead or logo. However, usually a memo has a to, from, subject, and date entry.,Message,This is why it is important that the first sentence of the memo should answer that question with a purpose statement. The best purpose statements are concise and direct. Your memos message should a

18、lso provide a context for readers. In other words, always tell your readers why you are writing. Consider the following questions: Is your memo a result of a situation? For instance, As a result of yesterdays meeting. Is your memo a reminder? For example, The Proposal is due July 2.,Heading,A memos

19、heading provides information about who will receive the memo, who is sending the memo, the date, and the memos subject. This information may be bolded or highlighted in some way. For example: TO: FROM: DATE: SUBJECT:,Cont.,Lists represent an effective way to present information. Not only do they breakdown large amounts of text, but they also provide text in a way that is visually pleasing. Lists are especially useful for conveying steps, ph