Chapter Two Writing a Paragraph.ppt

1、Chapter Two Writing a Paragraph,1. What is a paragraph?,A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic.,1) Why does an essay usually have several paragraphs? for a better logical construction and smooth delivery of ideas step by step.,2) What makes a good paragraph?,To

2、be as effective as possible, a paragraph should contain each of the following traits特性 or elements: unity, coherence, a topic sentence, adequate development, a brief conclusion (dispensable).,Unity:,The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus. If it begins with a focus or major po

3、int of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas.,Coherence:,Coherence helps to make the paragraph easily understandable to a reader. You can help create coherence in your paragraphs by creating logical bridges逻辑的衔接 and verbal bridges词汇的衔接.,logical bridges:,The same

4、 idea of a topic is carried over from sentence to sentence in a logically natural way.,verbal bridges:,Key words can be repeated in several sentences; Synonymous words can be repeated in several sentences; Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous sentences; Transition words and phrases can be used to

5、 link ideas from different sentences.,2. Parts of a Paragraph,Go=Topic Sentence Continue=Supporting Details Stop=Closing Sentence,a. A topic sentence,A topic sentence is a sentence that indicates in a general way what idea or thesis the paragraph is going to deal with. It summarizes the main idea of

6、 the paragraph and indicates to the readers what your paragraph will be about.,2. Parts of a Paragraph,E.g. There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system医保制度. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonab

7、le/ an affordable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at universities. Finally, Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to l

8、ive. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.,3. How to Write a topic sentence?,Topic sentence= topic+ controlling idea The topic is what you are going to say in the paragraph, and the controlling idea narrows down the topic, so the topic sentence should not:,3.How to write a topic sentence

9、?,A. be too specific be too broad contain phrases like “I think”, “In my opinion”, etc.,* Gold, a precious metal, is treasured for two important characteristics. * The spoken word is a very different thing from written word.,Good The Arabic(阿拉伯的)origin of many English words is not always obvious. To

10、o specific The slang expression “so long” (meaning goodbye) is probably a corruption （变体）of the Arabic “salaam. (This better serves as an example),Are they good topic sentences?,5. Television is very important. 6. Television plays an educational role in our daily life.,He sent his wife a diamond rin

11、g on her thirtieth birthday. He always surprises his wife on her birthdays.,3. They decided to change for a new apartment for several reasons. 4. They sold the old apartment because of the leaking roof屋顶漏水.,7. To improve reading ability, one needs to acquire some reading skills. 8. To improve Englis

12、h proficiency is very important.,9. The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs 10. The Americans and the British have many things in common.,3. The position of the topic sentence,The topic sentence is usually found at the beginning

13、of the paragraph, but can come at the end or even in the middle of the paragraph. It is also possible that no topic sentence is to be found in a paragraph but the main idea is implied in it.,No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are

14、 no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.,3. The position of the topic sentence,Now let

15、s look at an interesting example with color. If you own a blue car, and you know it is blue even if it is in bright sunlight, in darkness or under a yellow street light. Your eyes tell you that it changed color in these different situations, but your brain knows better不会上当. You have learnt that cars

16、 dont change color all the time, and so your brain interprets the information your eyes give you.,3. The position of the topic sentence,My parents have gone out for the evening. Just as I settle down to read or watch TV my little brother demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he sc

17、reams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour f

18、or him to fall asleep.,3. The position of the topic sentence,无主题句的段落示例,b. Adequate development,The topic (which is introduced by the topic sentence) should be discussed fully and adequately. The sentences to develop the topic or support the main idea are called supporting sentences.,2. Parts of a Pa

19、ragraph,A supporting sentence should support the topic sentence by giving: reasons examples facts statistics quotations,No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exe

20、rts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our weaknesses.,There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent he

21、alth care system医保制度. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at universities. Finally, Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed.

22、 Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.,A major supporting sentence directly serves as the explanation of the topic sentence. Major supporting sentences are not necessarily related to each other. A minor supporting sent

23、ence is to further develop the opinions presented by the major supporting sentence. It usually support the latter by giving examples, statistics, facts or quotations.,Please single out挑出 the sentence that fails to develop the topic sentence:,1. I easily give up doing my homework. I always start to f

24、eel hungry and go into the kitchen for a snack. Ill leave my study to investigate ay noise I hear. While I study, I try to listen to the music. For me, physics is the hardest subject. I often leave my desk to go the mirror to comb my hair.,2. One should know better than to be misled by advertisement

25、s. Look at the products themselves to see if they really are what the advertisers claim them to be. Talk to your friends to find out if they have had success with the products. Switch channels if a television program is interrupted by too many commercials. Above all, dont buy a product because an ad

26、vertisement says that a famous football player or a movie star likes it.,Please read the following paragraph and identify the irrelevant sentences Different people spend their weekends in different ways Some enjoy going to the mountains to hike, ski or just relax Water skiing is much more difficult

27、than snow skiing Others prefer going to the beach to enjoy the seashore activities and to get a suntan Some of these people work very hard during the week；others have rather relaxing jobs Still others like to relax by staying home and reading a good book Topic Sentence：_ Irrelevant Sentences：_,1. 举例

28、法 2. 罗列法 3. 分类法 4. 因果分析法 5. 对比-对照法,2.2.2 How to develop paragraphs?,2.2.2 How to develop paragraphs?,1. 举例法(example) 作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。,E.g.1：There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another

29、 example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to

30、them.,1. 举例法(example),本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和besides引出，最后由in short引导的结尾句总结全段内容。 举例法中常用的连接词有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。,E.g.2 Automobiles have been playing an important r

31、ole in the daily activities of human society. For example, industry needs them for transporting products, and agriculture depends on them for farm supplies. Besides, automobiles are used every day to carry people to and from work. At weekends, automobiles take families on nice outings. But automobil

32、es have also brought about a series of problems. For instance, the streets become crowded with them. They not only cause traffic accidents which injure or kill a large number of people each year, but also make great noise and give off a lot of poisonous gases.,1. 举例法(example),E.g.3 Cooperation and c

33、ompetition are the two sides of a coin. Take a football game as an example. In order to win，one team fight fiercely against the other, but at the same time, the members within a team must cooperate closely. Without cooperation, any competition would end in failure, and without competition, people wi

34、ll have no impulse动力 to advance.,Exercise 1 Directions：Fill in the blanks with the expressions in the bracket: (again, furthermore, for example) Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. _ , the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for

35、people to breathe. _, waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, any water lives are dying out. _, wherever we go, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.,1. 举例法(example),Exercise 2: Directions： Read the following paragraph carefu

36、lly and then point out the topic sentence and the examples. (主题句)Nowadays, in the society, there are enormous（大量的） fake commodities. Nowadays, fake commodities are prevalent in the market and exert bad influence on our society. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities.

37、When you go to the pharmacists/drugstore药店, you may buy some fake medicines. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in someones/ dishonest businessmens奸商 greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money/ make easy money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities without

38、 any regard for为着想 other peoples benefit and health. In order to make a quick fortune without hardworking, they produce fake commodities, sacrificing the consumers interests.,1. 举例法(example),continued,Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and our society. For example, when a person bo

39、ught fake medicine, which was useless in curing his disease, his/her health might be put in danger. Besides, fake commodities are usually sold at a low, and this would cause unfair competition in the market, and even puts the whole market in disorder.,Revised Nowadays, in the society, there are enor

40、mous（大量的） fake commodities. Nowadays, fake commodities are prevalent in the market. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities. When you go to the pharmacists/drugstore药店, you may buy some fake medicines. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in someones/ dishonest busine

41、ssmens奸商 greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money/ make easy money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities without any regard for不为着想 other peoples benefit and health. In order to make a quick fortune without hardworking, they produce fake commodities, sacri

42、ficing the consumers interests.,1. 举例法(example),continued,Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and our society. Fake commodities exert a negative influence on both the consumers and the society. For example, when a person bought fake medicine, which was useless in curing his disease,

43、 his/her health might be put in danger. Besides, fake commodities are usually sold at a low price /usually enjoy unbeatable advantage in prices, and this would cause unfair competition in the market, and even puts the whole market in disorder.,Exercise4 You may have heard the old saying，“Self-help i

44、s the best help”The truth of it has been proved by the successful lives of many great men and women You are required to write an essay on “ Self-help is the best help.” and illustrate it using examples.,2. 列举法(details) 列举法是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。,

45、Its believed that to take part in extracurricular activities can first enable students to relieve tension from studies. Second, it can increase their knowledge, widen their horizons, develop their abilities and display their talents. Whats more, the experience of joining in activities also helps cul

46、tivate their sense of cooperation and competition. Thus, it may help improve the efficiency of their study.,2.2.2 How to develop paragraphs?,2. 分类法（division and classification） 分类法是指把人或事物按照某种标准分成不同的类别再逐一进行说明、描述或阐述。,E.g. 1: Poets do have some kinds of distinct qualities. Firstly, they have active ima

47、ginations. Secondly, they are sympathetic and sensitive. Thirdly, they are good observers of life. Finally, they love words.,2. 分类法（division and classification）,E.g.2 What type of recreation is good depends on each individual. There are generally two kinds of recreation: physical and intellectual. I

48、f you are an office worker or a student, youd better enjoy some physical activities, such as running or swimming. If you do physical work, you can try some hobbies such as reading books or playing chess. Choices for recreation are unlimited.,E.g.2: There are three basic kinds of materials that can b

49、e found in any good library. First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a certain filing system called card catalog卡片目录. Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for

50、 a period of two to four weeksSecond, there are reference materials, which include encyclopedias百科全书，dictionaries, bibliographies 参考文献, atlases 地图集, etc. and which generally must be used in the library itself. Third, there are periodicals期刊, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets活页文选/小册子, which are filed

51、alphabetically in racks架子 or which have been micro-filmed (用缩微胶卷来复制（如文件等) to conserve space. Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library. check out 借出图书办妥手续之后取出 withdraw after recording the withdrawal.,3. 分类法（division and classification）,Exercise 5 Directions：Divide

52、the books college students often read into three kinds and describe them one by one,3. 分类法（division and classification）,因果分析是常用的拓展段落的方法之一，一定要注意推理的逻辑性, 因果关系必须表达清楚，不能因果混淆，更不能因果倒置，要避免牵强附会和循环论证。,3. 因果分析法(cause and effect ),2.2.2 How to develop paragraphs?,E.g.1: The role of women in todays society is ch

53、anging. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women

54、. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,3. 因果分析法(cause and effect ),assert that/ sth to be/oneself as 宣称， 坚持（某种观点/主张） serve as (a) role model(s) for 成为的榜样 becoming more conscious of,E.g.2: Many people are worried abo

55、ut what television has done to the generation of American children who have grown up watching itFor one thing，recent studies tend to show that TV stifles creative imaginationSome teachers feel that television has taken away the childs ability to form mental pictures in his own mind，resulting in chil

56、dren who cannot understand a simple story without visual illustrationsFor another，too much TV too early tends to cause children to withdraw from real life experiencesThus，they grow up to be passive spectators who can only respond to action，but not initiate itThe third area for concern is the serious

57、 complaint frequently made by elementary school teachers that children exhibit显示 a low tolerance for the frustrations of learning,3. 因果分析法(cause and effect ),continued Because they have been conditioned to 习惯于see all problems resolved in 30 or 60 minutes on TV，they are quickly discouraged by any act

58、ivity that promises（有望实现） less than instant gratificationBut perhaps the most serious result is the impact of television violence on children，who have come to regard it as an everyday thingNot only does this increase their tolerance of violent behavior in others，but most authorities now concede(承认）t

59、hat under certain conditions，some children will imitate anti-social acts反社会行为 that they witness on television,3. 因果分析法(cause and effect ),Exercise Directions：Read the following paragraph of cause and effect，adding suitable listing signals and linking expressions There are many reasons why languages change. _, various languages that started from the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted away(渐渐离开/疏远) from one another to establish isolated, independent communities. _, the indepe