法律英语翻译.ppt

1、法律英语翻译,立法文件（legislative documentation）； 司法文件（judicial documentation）； 律师文书（documents prepared by lawyers）；,法律英语研究的对象包括：,法律、法规、条例、规章； 判决、裁定； 合同、协议、律师意见、案例等等。,具体来说有：,A Treaty,“庄重的” (solemn)； “刻板的” (rigid)；,法律英语的特点,词汇特点； 句子特点；,法律英语的特点,经常使用的普通词并无普通词的意义； Ex 1. He was awarded $500 damages for the injury h

2、e suffered in the accident.,法律英语词汇的特点,解释： Ex 1. He was awarded （判给）$500 damages（损害赔偿）for the injury he suffered in the accident.,法律英语词汇的特点,Ex. 2. The testator died without issue（子女）. Parties must wait for process（传票）to issue from the court.,法律英语词汇的特点,法律英语词汇的特点,2. 频繁使用当代普通英语极少使用的古旧词汇； Ex. 1 Provided

3、further that this Policy shall be subject to the Conditions herein contained and to any Memoranda endorsed hereon and such Conditions and Memoranda are to be taken as part of the Policy, the observance and performance by the Insured of the times and terms therein contained so far as they relate to a

4、nything to be done by the Insured are of the essence of this contract and shall be conditions precedent to any liability on the part of the Insured under this Policy. （薛华业，1989：98）,法律英语词汇的特点,2. 频繁使用当代普通英语极少使用的古旧词汇； （译文）只要本保单符合本合同所设定的条件和备忘录的内容，且该条件和备忘录作为保单的一部分，而被保险人的所作所为遵守本保单约定的时间和条款，这一点是本合同的实质所在，同时也

5、是被保险人承担本保单责任的先决条件。,法律英语词汇的特点,here words: hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereunder; there words: thereabout, thereafter, thereby, thereupon, therewith; where words: whereas, whereat, whereby, whereof; witnesseth; witness (in witness whereof); aforesaid; forthwith; said contract

6、; thence; thenceforth.,法律英语词汇的特点,3. 频繁使用拉丁词： affidavit 宣誓陈述书; alibi 不在犯罪现场; bona fide 善意的; in rem 对物（诉讼）; inter alia 除了别的以外; quorum 法定人数。,法律英语词汇的特点,4. 大量使用大众词汇中比较陌生的法语词 Estoppel 不得悔言； Fee simple 无条件继承的不动产； Esquire 律师； Voire dire （考察证人或陪审员是否适合的）预先审核；,法律英语词汇的特点,5. 大量使用专业术语 burden of proof 举证责任； cause

7、of action 案由； contributory negligence 混合疏忽； defendant 被告； due diligence 审慎调查； letters patent 专利证书。,法律英语词汇的特点,5. 大量使用专业术语 tort 侵权； without prejudice 不损害； cause of action 诉讼理由； pierce the corporate veil 揭穿公司面纱； will and testament 遗嘱；,法律英语词汇的特点,6.经常使用正式程度较高的词汇,法律英语词汇的特点,7. 试图以最精确的词语和形式表达法律概念 shall not

8、constitute a waiver; shall not be deemed a consent; including but not limited to nothing contained herein shall,法律英语词汇的特点,8. 大量使用累赘词以表达单一的法律概念 assign or transfer 转让 Remise, release, and forever discharge 让渡；放弃 acknowledge and confess 承认 terms and conditions 条款 null and void 无效；失效,法律英语词汇的特点,1.结构复杂的长句

9、 If, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method or imple

10、mentation of any law, regulation, decree or rule,法律英语句子的特点,which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Partys economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party, the Parties shall promptly consult and de

11、cide whether (i) to continue to implement this Agreement in accordance with the original provisions thereof as per the relevant provisions of the Contract Law of the Peoples Republic of China；,法律英语句子的特点,or (ii) to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Partys economic benefit und

12、er this Agreement on a basis no less favorable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented.,法律英语句子的特点,若本协议签署之后，中国国家、省、市或地方政府通过任何新的法律、法规、法令或条例，修改或废除任何法律、法规、法令或条例的任何条款，或对任何法律、法规、法令或条例给

13、予不同的解释或采取不同的实施方法，导致与本协议相冲突，或对一方在本协议项下的经济利益造成实质性的不利影响，受到影响的一方经书面通知另一方后，对方应立即协商并决定是否,法律英语句子的特点,(i)根据中华人民共和国合同法的有关规定继续按照本协议的原条款履行本协议，或(ii)做出必要的调整，以保持各方在本协议下的经济利益，使之不逊于各方在该等法律、法规、法令或条例未通过、未修改、未废除、未做出不同的解释或未采取不同的实施方法之前所能获得的经济利益。,法律英语句子的特点,法律英语句子的特点,2. 被动语态和名词化结构 Unless otherwise provided for herein, fail

14、ure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude further exercise thereof,法律英语句子的特点,or exercise of any other right, power or p

15、rivilege. A waiver by one of the parties at any time of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement committed by the other party shall not be construed as a waiver by such party of any subsequent breach to be committed by the other party, nor shall it be construed as a waiver by such party o

16、f its rights under such provision or any of its other rights under this Agreement.,法律英语句子的特点,除非本协议另有约定，任何一方未能或延迟行使其在本协议项下的任何权利、权力或特权，不应视为其放弃该项权利、权力或特权；单独或部分行使任何权利、权力或特权，亦不妨碍其进一步行使该权利、权力或特权或行使其他权利、权力或特权。一方在任何时候放弃追究另一方违反本协议任何条款或约定的行为，不应视为该方放弃追究另一方以后的违约行为，亦不应被视为该方放弃其在该约定下的权利或其在本协议项下的其他权利。,法律英语句子的特点,各种翻

17、译方法举例： 原文： Mr Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morning. He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunch time engagements. (BBC news 11/10/2000),法律英语翻译的基本原则,译文： 逐字对译：杜瓦先生滑了和跌倒在外面他的官方爱丁堡居所在星期二早晨。他拣自己起来和继续去实行两个午餐约定。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,字面翻译： 星期二早晨杜瓦先生滑倒在他的爱丁堡官邸

18、外面。他爬起来继续去参加两个午餐约会。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,语意翻译： 星期二早晨，杜瓦先生在爱丁堡官邸外滑倒了，但他仍爬起来继续去参加两个午餐约会。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,传译翻译： 杜瓦先生的官邸在爱丁堡。星期二早晨，他不小心在屋外摔了一跤。不过他仍奋力爬起，去参加了两个午餐活动。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,编译： 杜瓦先生在爱丁堡有一座官邸。星期二早晨，他刚出门就摔了一跤。不过，他觉得没事，就爬起来继续参加当天的活动，午餐时还与两个团体进行了正式会谈。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,改写： 爱丁堡的早晨空气新鲜。杜瓦先生喜欢晨练。那天一大早，他穿着运动装出门，正要开始晨练，不小心踩到一块香

19、蕉皮上，跌倒在地。他奋力爬起，打消跑步的念头，出门上班，午餐时还坚持参加了两个见面会。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,1. 准确性及精确性 “立法的确不是一件简单的事，法律条文的每一词、每一字，甚至每一个标点符号均须反复推敲，稍一不慎，即可产生失误，造成严重后果，”,法律英语翻译的基本原则,Typographical Errors 错别字 “We will prepare a daft agreement at our standard free rates.” “We will prepare a draft agreement at our standard fee rates.”,法律英语翻译

20、的基本原则,2. Incorrect Punctuation 标点符号错误 “Party A will perform the Services at the Installation Sites at its sole discretion. Party B may change any Installation Site by giving written notice to Party A” 甲方可自行决定是否在安装现场提供服务。乙方可书面通知甲方变更安装现场。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,“Party A will perform the Services at the Installat

21、ion sites. At its sole discretion, Party B may change any Installation Site by giving written notice to Party A” 甲方将在安装现场提供服务。经其酌情决定，乙方可书面通知甲方变更安装现场。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,Ex 1. 所有董事会成员须由合营方委派和撤换。 all the directors shall be appointed and replaced by the parties to the venture. replaced removed, ousted,法律英语翻译的

22、基本原则,An another example of ambiguity: “Another man left a yearly income to his married niece as long as she is above ground. When she died her husband installed her in a mausoleum above ground and collected the money for the rest of his life.” (P644 You and the Law),法律英语的特点,“犯罪嫌疑人曾因流氓两次被劳教“ 这句话就有两种理

23、解。一是“因流氓，两次被劳教”，二是“因流氓两次，被劳教”。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,Ex2: 如果买方对品质有异议，可以在货到目的口岸或收货后30天内向卖方提出索赔。 In case the Buyers have disputes over the quality of the goods, the Buyers may, within 30 days after arrival at the destination port or delivery of goods, file a claim against the Sellers. delivery taking delivery,法

24、律英语翻译的基本原则,2. 一致性及同一性 Henry Weihofen在法律文体一书中强调： “exactness often demands repeating the same term to express the same idea. Where that is true, never be afraid of using the same word over and over again. Many more sentences are spoiled by trying to avoid repetition”,法律英语翻译的基本原则,“保税区的减免税货物、保税货物的监管手续费，

25、应当按照中华人民共和国海关对进口减税、免税和保税货物征收海关征管手续费的办法办理” “The Customs supervising fees on the import goods granted with duty reduction and exemption and that on the goods in bond shall be collected in accordance with the Customs Regulations of the Peoples Republic of China Governing the Collection of Customs Super

26、vising Fees on Import Goods Granted with Duty Reduction or Exemption and the Bonded Goods.”,法律英语翻译的基本原则,3.清晰及简练原则 Alison Russell在论述法律英语时指出：“句子要简短。长词应避免。只要能将意思说明白，不用一个多余的词。”,法律英语翻译的基本原则,下面这段文章试图说服上诉法院： “The district court, on the other hand, erroneously addressed but one word of the Bankers Blanket B

27、ondthe term realizedand then the district court misapplied it by erroneously considering whether (the appellee) realized a benefit and the Bank suffered a loss, which is not a question under the Bankers Blanket Bond; and once the district court found that the Bank suffered a loss it held the Insurer

28、 liable without considering the language of the Bankers Blanket Bond as relevant to the issue of whether that loss was covered under the Bankers Blanket Bond.,法律英语翻译的基本原则,其实，这个句子总共包含四层主要意思： The court read only a part of the Bankers Blanket Bond（银行综合保证保险；对雇员或银行之外的人员破坏信用而给银行带来的损失进行补偿的一种保险。） ; The cour

29、t read that part incorrectly; And as a consequence, the court failed to focus on the proper issue in the case; The dispositive（决定性的） issue in the case is whether the loss was covered under the Bond.,法律英语翻译的基本原则,可改写成： “The district court addressed only the term realized as used in the Bankers Blanket

30、 Bond. Then the court considered whether the appellee realized a benefit and the Bank suffered a loss. At that point, the court incorrectly held the Insurer liable. The issue is whether that loss was covered under the Bond.,法律英语翻译的基本原则,请看下面一句，由于法律条文写得不够严谨所造成的严重后果： “The remainder of the testators pro

31、perty should be divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wifes side and my niece.” 立遗嘱者本人只有一位侄女，而太太方面有22位侄儿、侄女，遗产是在这23人中间平均分配、还是先“一分为二”？,法律英语翻译的基本原则,4. 专业化原则 不可抗力：“force beyond human power, irresistible force”都不是专业术语，应该译成：“force majeure”; 知识产权：“knowledge right,” 应该译为“Intellectual

32、Property Right” performance of contracts: 很多人翻译成“合同的执行”，而真正的法律用词应该是：“合同的履行”。,法律英语翻译的基本原则,法律英语典型句型的翻译,改革开放以后，尤其是中国加入世贸组织后，法律翻译成为热点。一方面是为了让世界了解中国的法律制度和具体法律法规，需要将大量的中国的法律文本译成外文。另一方面，为了学习借鉴国外的先进法制建设成果，需要将大量的国外的法律法规法学著作等译成外文。然而，由于法律文本意思艰深晦涩、用词古板守旧、句型复杂冗长等特点，使得法律翻译的难度大大高于其他类型的翻译实践。法律文本用词用语有僵化的倾向，某些句型重复使用的

33、频率非常高；而且，法律翻译的一个重要原则就是保持术语和句型结构在译文中的同一性。因此，如果能掌握此类典型句型的翻译，可以大大提高翻译翻译工作的效率。本讲撷取法律文本中的高频句型并就其典型译法进行讨论。,Otherwise Subject to Without prejudice to Any person who does. Shall. Where For the purpose(s) of Provided that Notwithstanding Save./Except (for) In respect of,法律英语典型句型的翻译,Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法： 跟unle

34、ss引导的句子（让步状语从句）连用； 置放在连词or之后使用； 与than一起，通常用来否定句子的主语。,Otherwise,In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, state means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) 在本条例中除文意另有所指外, “国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。,例 1,A

35、notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself. 根据第（1）款发出的通知书除其中另有订定外亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入一如适用于该项财产本身。,例 2,Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to

36、give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence. 任何人籍恐吓怂恿或以其它手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证即属犯罪。,例3,If 2 or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them and an award may be obtained and execution issued against any person so served

37、 notwithstanding that any other persons jointly liable may not have been served or been a party or may not be within the jurisdiction of the Board. 如有2名或以上的人以合伙人或其它身分而属同一宗申索的被告人法律程序文件可送达予其中任何一人而判定该收件人败诉的裁定可由申索人获得执行程序亦可向该受件人进行即使任何其它共同有责的人可能未获得送达法律程序文件或不属当事人或不在仲裁处的司法管辖权范围内均无例外。,例4,No will or any part

38、thereof shall be revoked otherwise than - (a) by marriage as provided by section 13; or (b) by another will executed in accordance with section 5; or (c) by a written revocation executed in the manner in which the will was executed; or (d) by the burning, tearing or otherwise destroying of it by the

39、 testator, or by some person in his presence and by his direction, with the intention of revoking it. 除籍以下方式外任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分均不得撤销- (a)根据第13条的规定籍缔结婚姻而撤销或 (b)籍按照第5条签立的另一份遗嘱而撤销或 (c)籍依照签立遗嘱方式签立的遗嘱撤销书而撤销或 (d)由立遗嘱人或由其它人在立遗嘱人面前并依其指示将遗嘱烧毁撕毁或以其它方法毁灭而其意愿是撤销该遗嘱。,例 5,该短语在法律英文中一般都跟 “agreement”, “section”, “contract

40、”等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。 通常可翻译成“以为条件”、“根据规定”、“ 在符合的情况下”、“除另有规定外”以及“在不抵触下”等。,Subject to,Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection (5). 在符合本条的规定下,上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出,并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。,例 6,S

41、ubject to subsection (3), the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claims specified in the Schedule. 除第（3）款另有规定外仲裁处具备查讯聆讯及裁决附表内指明的申索的司法管辖权。,例7,这个英文法律短语的功能相当于普通英文中的“without affecting”。与上一节“subject to.”的句法结构相同，跟在“without prejudice to”这个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名词。但对有关事物或条款的规

42、限程度，没有前者那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须“符合”或“依照”有关条款或规定，后者指不要影响或损害其规限的事物。在汉语中，其意思相当于“在不损害的原则下”、“在不影响的情况下”、“ 不受影响”、“ 不妨碍”、以及“不规限”等等。,Without prejudice to,Without prejudice to section 24, the following shall be treated as properly executed . 在不影响第24条规定的原则下以下的遗嘱须视为正式签立,例 8,Without prejudice to the rights of the Attorn

43、ey General every complainant or informant shall be at liberty to conduct the complaint or information respectively and to have the witnesses examined and cross-examined by him or by counsel on his behalf. 在不损害律政司权利的原则下每名申诉人或告发人可进行其申诉或告发并亲自或由代表律师讯问及盘问证人。,例 9,在普通英文中，用where引导的状语从句，一般为地点状语从句。但在法律英文中，whe

44、re引导的是法律条款中的条件状语从句，相当于“in the case where”。在香港，其最典型的译法是“凡.” or “如.”。 例如：,Where,Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched. 凡被告人被判处罚款但没有随即缴付罚款裁判官可命令搜查被告人。,例 10,Where a claimant has a claim which exceeds the monetary amount menti

45、oned in the Schedule and which, but for the excess, would be within the jurisdiction of the Board, the claimant may abandon the excess, and thereupon the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claim. 如只因申索人的申索超逾附表所述的款额以致该申索超逾仲裁处的司法管辖权范围则申索人可放弃追讨超额的款项而在此情况下仲裁处有查讯聆讯及裁决该宗

46、申索的司法管辖权。,例 11,在法律条例中，尤其是在各地的刑法条例中(或类似性质的条例)，“any person who does shall be guilty of an offence”这种句型重复率相当高，因为法律的主要功能是界定何种行为属于违法以及应受到怎样的处罚，而这个句型是其中一个最简明、直接的表达方式。在句法上，这个句型通常会把主语和谓语用逗号分开，中间加插一个定语修饰词。 以下是典型的例句及其若干变种：,Any person who does. Shall .,Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable exc

47、use, while having dealings of any kind with any other public body, offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body, shall be guilty of an offence. 任何人与其它公共机构进行任何事务往来时无合法权限或合理辩解而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提供任何利益即属犯罪。,例 12,A person shall not, by reason only of his being an executor of a wil

48、l, be incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove the execution of such will, or a witness to prove the validity or invalidity thereof. 任何人不会仅因为身为遗嘱执行人而没有资格获接受为见证人以证明遗嘱的签立或证明该遗嘱具备或不具备效力。,例 13,At the hearing of a complaint or information, a party may be represented by counsel; and an absent party s

49、o represented shall be deemed not to be absent. 在申诉或告发案聆讯时任何一方均可由代表律师代表；某一方如有律师代表即使缺席亦不当作缺席。,例 14,在大部分情况下，普通辞典里“为. .目的”这一解释并不适合法律英语中的“for the purpose(s) of.” 如果紧跟这个短语的是某个法律条款的指代编号（如章、条、款、节等），首选的译文是“就（有关）章、条、款、节而言”，其次才是“为了实施该（条法例）”。 倘若原英文中的“for the purpose(s) of.”与“章、条、款、节等”无关，而该短语又可以用“for”或“in order

50、 to”去取代（这种用法在法律英文中属于少数），则可译成“为了”。,For the purpose(s) of .,For the purposes of subsection (2),land does not include incorporeal hereditament; 就第(2)款而言, “土地”(land) 并不包括无体可继承产； 例16 For the purposes of subsection (3) permission shall be in writing and - 就第（3）款而言许可须为书面形式并且,例15,For the purposes of subsect

51、ion (1) of this section the attestation of a will by a person to whom or to whose spouse there is given or made any such disposition as is described in that subsection shall be disregarded if the will is duly executed without his attestation and without that of any other such person. 为第（1）款的施行获得该款所述

52、的处置的任何人或其配偶如为遗嘱作见证而该遗嘱没有其见证或任何这些人的见证亦已属妥为签立则该人所作的见证须不予理会。,例17,A judge may, on the application of an appellant who is in custody, order the appellant to be brought up to the court in custody for the purpose of attending his appeal or any application or any proceeding therein. 法官可应在羁押中的上诉人的申请为了使上诉人能出席

53、其上诉或其中任何申请或法律程序而命令将他在羁押下带上法庭。,例18,For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of these presents the rent in respect of the said premises shall be deemed to be in arrear if not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof. 基于租务条例并基于这些通知，有关该楼宇的租金，如果未照合约第一条规定的那样提前缴付

54、，就应该被认为是拖欠。,例19,“Provided that”是一个普通英文中很少使用的古旧词，但该句型在法律文书(尤其是合约条款)中广泛使用。其用法与“if” 或 “but”非常类似，汉语中的意思相当于“倘若/如果”或“但”。 该短语放在句首，引导出的是法律英语中的一个条件分句，与“if”、“when”或“where”引导的法律条件句没有本质上的差异；但如果该短语之前存在一个主句，则它表示的是一个与之前的陈述相反的“例外”，相当于“with the exception of ”，但英译汉时不能译成“除外”，而是译成“但”或“但是”，所以法律界通常称这类句子为“但书” (proviso)。例如

55、：,“Provided that .,Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise. A

56、 new Tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant. 倘若在本合约规定的租期届满后业主接受租金或中间收益不应被认为是起了放弃或违背本合约的任何条件的作用也不应认为是起了作为继续租用或其它的新租期的作用。新租约只能是业主和租户签署的新书面租赁合约。,例 20,Every broker, dealer or lender who . shall forfeit to the owner of the goods the ful

57、l value thereof: Provided that no such order shall bar any such broker, dealer or lender from recovering possession of such goods by action from the person into whose possession they may come by virtue of the magistrates order, provided that such action is commenced within 6 months next after such o

58、rder has been made. 每名被如此命令的经纪商人或贷款人如则须向物主偿付其全部价值 但上述命令并不禁止有关经纪商人或贷款人向凭籍裁判官命令获得管有此等财物的人士提出诉讼以取回其管有权但有关诉讼须在此项命令作出后6个月内展开。,例21,The Licensee shall not be entitled to take any proceedings in any of the aforesaid matters; provided, however, that the Licensor may, at its own discretion and cost, prosecute

59、 or otherwise stop or prevent such actual or threatened infringement in the name of both the Licensor and the Licensee or either of them, and in each case the Licensee shall render all reasonable assistance required by the Licensor. 被许可方无权就上述任何行为起诉或要求许可方起诉，但许可方可自行决定并自付费用，以许可方和被许可方双方名义或任何一方名义，对实际发生或似将发生的商标侵权行为提起诉讼，或以其它方式阻止或防止该等侵权行为。无论许可方采取前述任何行动，被许可方均应提供许可方所要求的一切合理协助。,例 22,介词notwithstanding 在普通英文中的使用极为罕见，可列入古旧废词的行列，但其在法律英文中的使用已经达到“司空见惯”的程度。翻译带有该介词的句子并不难，因为它的译法跟although/though/even if 引导的状语从句没有太大分别，基本上都可以译成