专八作文讲座(幻灯2010).ppt

1、1,专八作文讲座,2010,2,一考试大纲（新变化） 时间：45分钟。字数：400单词。,第一部分：考试概述,3,二作文评分,1.评分标准： 内容(content) 结构(organization) 语言(language) 2.评分方法：整体评分法(global scoring)。,4,三命题分析,1.命题组成 提供文章相关的背景和提示，给出题目或要求学生根据相关的背景和提示自拟题目 对文章结构提出要求，包括在引言部分点题，在正文部分用相关细节论述，在结尾部分做自然概括。 说明评分标准.,5,2009年写作真题：Are dialects just as acceptable in publi

2、c places?,Instruction:Mandarin, or putonghua, is the standard service sector language in China. However lately some employees of a metropolis subway company start using dialects to cater to the requirements of people from different areas in order to render better service. Opponents sees the counteri

3、ng effects of such movement to the national policy of promoting mandarin across China. Write in 400 words your opinion and support your argument and bring your essay to a natural conclusion.,6,2008年写作真题 In a few months time you are going to graduate from university. How do you think your college yea

4、rs have prepared you for your future life? Write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic: What I have learned from years at university In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate deta

5、ils. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organizations, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.,7,2007年写作真题 Some people think that financial

6、disparity affects friendship. What do you think? Write an essay of about 400 words. In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your opinion with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to

7、 a natural conclusion or a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content, organizations, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.,8,Part VI Writing (45 MIN) Joseph Epstein, a famous Americ

8、an writer, once said, “We decide what is important and what is trivial in life. We decide (so) that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do. But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make. We

9、 decide. We choose. And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about.” Do you agree or disagree with him? Write an essay of about 400 words entitled: Ambition In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your opinion in r

10、esponse to Epsteins view, and in the second part you should support your opinion with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organizations, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow th

11、e above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.,2006年写作试题,9,2.命题范围,1)论说文结构，即说明文和议论文(expository writing and argumentation)。 2)应与学生的知识结构相适应. 2009年：Are dialects just as acceptable in public places? 2008年：What I have learned from years at university 2007年：自拟，谈谈

12、贫富差距是否影响友谊. 2006年：On Ambition 2005年：自拟，谈谈你对面试的看法。 2004年：Should University Students Go in for Business? 2003年：自拟，与以前时代的人相比，讨论当今中国的年轻人是否更以自我为中心，缺乏同情心。 2002年：The Most Important Personality of a University Student 2001年：补充题目The Impact of the Internet on_ . 2000年：Education as a Lifelong Process 1999年：Com

13、petition or Cooperation 1998年：One Major Problem in the Process of Urbanization 1997年：Sowing the Seeds, Nurturing Growth and Harvesting the Rewards 1996年：In Support of Dormitory Policy,10,命题范围,社会热点问题 包括就业、环境、能源、媒体、交通、婚姻、伪劣商品、犯罪等。 学校生活 学习方法、课堂活动、体育、人际关系、讲座、军训等。 科技 电脑、克隆、空间科学、交通工具、海洋资源、能源利用等。 个人兴趣 业余爱好

14、、生活方式、时尚、旅行等。 青少年问题 代沟、吸烟、理想、职业、减负等。,11,第二部分 专八作文应试秘笈,一.高效审题 二、整理思路，写出论点句或主旨句 (a thesis statement) 论点句=文章要讨论的主题+作者对主题的态度或看法 1.Watching TV has become the best alternative course for childrens education. 2.In American today, it seems as if people dont care about honest and lawful behavior any more. 3.

15、Not jut empty stories, fairy tales shed light on the psychology of young children. 4.But whatever the advantages of the package tour, I like traveling alone with the family or friends. 5.But I argue that euthanasia, even if voluntary, should not be legalized.,12,一个好的论点句不仅要表达作者的态度，还需要根据要求对题目的范围进行控制和确

16、定。 Whatever pressures, academic or professional, experienced by students, cheating on the exam is not allowed. Academic and professional pressures make it understandable that cheating on the exam is widespread on the campus today. (sympathetic) Cheating on the exam is popular on the campus today bec

17、ause of academic and professional pressures. (mutual attitude),13,三、列好作文提纲,Topic outline Title: The Advantages of Taking a Part-time Job 1.Introduction: There are many advantages of taking a part-time job for college students. (Thesis statement) II.The advantages of taking a part-time job A.Being ec

18、onomically independent B.Having more social experience C.Being helpful to their academic studies III.Conclusion: Being beneficial to the college students,14,Sentence Outline Title: The Advantages of Taking a Part-time Job 1. Introduction: There are many advantages of taking a part-time job for colle

19、ge students. (Thesis statement) II. Taking a part-time job can do college students a lot good. A.College students can be economically independent by taking a part-time job. B.College students can gain more social experience by taking a part-time job. C.College students can improve their academic stu

20、dies by taking a part-time job. III. Conclusion: Taking a part-time job is beneficial to the college students,15,a rough outline （简易提纲） Example: Thesis statement: Going to college is expensive. Tuition and other fees Books and supplies Transportation costs,16,四、写好引言段,1.故事法 Last Sunday, I went to our

21、 teachers department at 10 oclock in the evening. I was so amazing when I found her six-year-old daughter still doing her homework. She was so sleepy that she couldnt open her eyes. In spite of that, she didnt dare to sleep for she would be punished by the teacher if she didnt finish her homework. L

22、ooking at her, dont you think it is of great necessity for the school to reduce homework? (Should Schoolchildrens Homework be Reduced?),17,2.惊语法 Each year thousands upon thousands of graduates flood the job market, waving their college diplomas and certificates, expecting better jobs in their majors

23、, only to be frustrated and disappointed Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get a rewarding job?,18,3。引语法 “As we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about”, as Joseph Epstein once said. In this world, almost ever

24、yone has an ambition, no matter whether it is significant or trivial. In my opinion, every person, young or old, poor or rich should have their own ambition because each has to choose his way of life and his destiny; and ambition decides one s destiny.,19,4问题法 Why have I chosen to attend college? Is

25、 the four-year academic life worthwhile? After pondering these questions on many occasions, I have finally reached the conclusion that college education is something I truly want to do and it is worthwhile.,20,5 数据法 According to a recent survey by China Daily, about 15% percent of college graduates

26、have difficulties finding a job after their graduation, and the number seems to be increasing.,21,6对立法,Ever since the easing of school childrens study burden is advocated by educators, some teachers and parents frown at it, saying that it will exert bad effects on the children. But I think easing sc

27、hool childrens study burden will do good to school children both physically and mentally.,22,7.事实描写法,Nowadays college students are seen waiting on tables, cleaning in stores, advertising in streets, teaching in families and ding whatever work they can find. It has become fashionable for college stud

28、ents to do some odd jobs in their spare time.,23,五、写好文章正文部分The body,1。写好正文各个段落的主题句 2充分的展开段落。 展开方式: 举例法、分类法、比较对照法、因果法、定义法。 段落的组织方式: emphatic order (order of significance)重要性递增法 3注意段落之间及句子之间的衔接。,24,Transitional Expressions,To show addition: again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second,

29、etc.), further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last but not least To give examples: for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate, as an illustration, in other words, such as, namely moreover, next, too , more importantly,25,Transitional Expressions,To compa

30、re: also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly To contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, yet,26,Transitional Expressions,To summarize or conclude: all in all, in

31、conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to sum up To show time: after, afterward, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier, finally, formerly, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly, subsequently, then, thereafter, until, w

32、hen, while,27,Transitional Expressions,To show place or direction: above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on, here, nearby, opposite, to the left (north, etc.) To indicate logical relationship (to show cause and effect): accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, henc

33、e, if, otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, thus,28,六写好结尾部分,结尾部分应该写得简洁明确、发人深省，突出强调文章的主旨。 避免在结尾部分提出新的未加说明或论证的主题,29,1复述式,However, in my opinion, I would rather place confidence in the first place. But why? To sum up, I want to say, being confident is not a clich but an ongoing task for every potenti

34、al winner. （2002The Most Important Personal Quality of a University student）,30,（2003）Love, and Then Be Loved With the development of science and technology, remarkable changes have taken place in our life. Some changes are good while others are not. One of these unwelcome changes is that individual

35、ism has come to be accepted among young people. Young people today are in general more self-centered and unsympathetic than older generations although many young people dont see this way. (实事描述法引出话题，提出自己的观点，即论点句。) Thats way I draw such a conclusion that young people today are more self-centered and

36、unsympathetic than older generations. Its necessary for us young people to learn from them: love and then be loved. After all, individualism can only be permitted without the sacrifice of others. (重述观点并提出建议),31,2.展望式,Living in the suburbs is becoming a predominant pattern, and with the improvement o

37、f traffic and the perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life. (Why do I Choose to Live I the Suburbs),32,3建议式,Generally speaking, the disadvantages of private tutoring overweigh the advantages. Therefore, greater emphasis should be laid on classroom teaching and p

38、ractice, on the improvement of teaching quality and on the tapping of the pupils potentialities. Only in this way can a new generation be healthily brought up. (提出建议) （The Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Tutoring）,33,4警示式,If we dont ease our school childrens burden now, just imagine what wou

39、ld become of our children in a few years: their eyes short-sighted, their backs hunched, they are nothing but book worms (指出后果)。Therefore, easing our childrens burden is not only a necessity, but a must. (Ease Burden of Our School Children),34,Some problems in writing a conclusion,1) Shout empty slo

40、gans Do it now! No electricity, no power, no world, no future, no human beings! 2) Show ones determination Im determined to overcome any difficulties and study English better in the future! I must do my best to make our city greener! ) Give a simple summary So, I think that making our city greener i

41、s very important. Therefore, no electricity should be wasted.,35,七：用地道语言写地道作文1）选择词化度高的表达方式词化是指一个短语或句子在使用过程中逐渐凝固成一个词或词项，如“enjoy”一词，所表达的意义是“享受的乐趣”。这种用一个词表达一个短语的含义的表达法叫做综合型表达法， 相反，对于同一个概念，若用短语来表达则是分析性表达法。综合性表达法就是词化了的表达法。比较英汉两种语言，我们发现，汉语多分析性表达，而英语多综合性表达，这主要与英语中大量的派生词、转类词和单纯词有关。（make sb. able to do sth.)

42、,36,（1）Watching too much TV makes children unable to study well. 改进：Heavy exposure to TV exerts an undesirable influence on childrens study. （2）This opportunity makes me share their experience and knowledge. 改进：This opportunity allows me to share their experience and knowledge. （3）All the facts make

43、 me conclude that money doesnt mean everything. 改进：All the facts lead me to conclude that money doesnt mean everything. （4）TV makes people have few chances to communicate each other. 改进：TV deprives people of the chance to communicate each other. （5）Her departure from my life also made me become to d

44、istrust the friendship. 改进：Her departure leads to my suspicion on friendship. （6）Setting off firecrackers might make peoples lives dangerous 改进：Setting off firecrackers might endanger peoples lives.,37,2）用非人称主语句扮靓语言,a. If people only apply book knowledge, they will not get good results. b. The appli

45、cation of book knowledge alone wont bring people good results. 变人称主语句为非人称主语句的策略通常有以下几种： （1）选用无生命事物做主语。例如： The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.,38,（2）用 “it” 做形式主

46、语 It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East. （3）使用被动语态 Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church. Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed. （4）用名词化

47、做主语 The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. A careful comparison between living in the countryside and living in the city will show the superiority of the former over the later.,39,3）使用抽象名词使语句更加精炼，表达更加客观,The mayor

48、said that he was very grateful because the construction workers were very dedicated and competent. The mayor expressed his appreciation of the dedication and competence of the construction workers.,40,（1）In economic development, we must control our population, conserve our natural resources and prot

49、ect our environment. 改进：Great importance must be attached to population control, the conservation of resources and environmental protection in economic growth. （2）If we dont recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake. 改进：Failure to recognize the seriousness of gr

50、owing population will lead to a big mistake. （3）We always believe that the social systems of two sides of the Straits shall not prevent us from aiming at contacting and cooperating. 改进：We always believe that the social systems of two sides of the Straits shall not be an obstacle to our contact and c

51、ooperation.,41,4）使用突显顺序(salient order) 组织语句,英汉两种语言在信息编排顺序上存在较明显的差异，一般来讲，英语的信息排列是从未知到已知，从重要到次要。而汉语则是从已知到末知，从次要到重要。英语在叙事与表态的关系上是先表态后叙事，在分析与结论的关系上是先结论后分析，在推论与假设的关系上是先假设后推论，在原因与结果的关系上是先结果后原因。也就是说，说话人在说话前先把要表达的信息组织一下，一般强调什么，就先说出，即把最重要的事，如态度、观点、结论放在句首先说出，开门见山，一语道破。然后再把理由、事实、条件、原因、例证等一步步交代，一条条补述，形成一条头短尾长的线

52、性链。而汉语则相反，其线性序列的展开好比是画龙点睛，先把外围的环境与衬托，如条件、实事、道理一一交待周到，最后点出话语的信息中心，下结论，表态度。水到渠成，给人以“豁然开朗”的感觉（蔡基刚，424）,42,（1）In the factory, all people from the cadres to the workers are passionately dedicated to their work. This made a deep impression on me. 改进：I was deeply impressed by the passionate dedication of a

53、ll people, from the leadership down to all the workers. （2）Money and power are what all children have been brought up to seek. But I did not want them, so he was puzzled. 改进：He was puzzled that I did not want what all children have been brought up to seek: money and power. （3）When they hear that in

54、China, throughout most of its history, extended families of three or four generations live under the same roof, they are astonished. 改进：They are astonished to hear in China, throughout most of its history, extended families of three or four generations live under the same roof.,43,八检查,检查标题。 （）所有字母全部

55、大写，如：COMPETITION OR CO-OPERATION （）标题第一个单词的首字母需大写，其后的单词实词大写，虚词不大写，如：In Support of Dormitory Policy 检查introduction有没有Thesis Statement; Body 中的每一个段是否有Topic Sentence; 文章是否统一、连贯。 检查单词拼写、固定搭配、句型等。,44,常见的语法错误：,1.Comma splices 误用逗号连接句。 Mario told everyone in the room to be quiet, his favorite show was on.

56、1)分句各自独立成句，变成两个简单句 Mario told everyone in the room. His favorite show was on. 用逗号加并列连词连接，变成一个并列句。 (fan boys: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) I turned to the want ads, but I knew my dream job wouldnt be listed. Linda was very sleepy, for she stayed awake last night. The canoe touched bottom, so Dave

57、 pushed it toward deeper water.,45,3)用分号或加连接副词变成并列句。,Semicolon alone: Mario told everyone in the room to be quiet; his favorite show was on. Semicolon with a connective adverb: Marios favorite show was on; therefore, he told everyone in the room to be quiet. A list of common connective adverbs: howe

58、ver; nevertheless; on the other hand; instead; meanwhile; otherwise; indeed; in addition; also; moreover; furthermore; as a result; thus; consequently; therefore; accordingly.,46,4)变成从句,Mario told everyone in the room to be quiet because his favorite show was on. 2.Run-on sentences Mario told everyo

59、ne in the room to be quiet his favorite show was on.,47,3.Dangling Modifiers,While reading the newspaper, my dog sat with me on the front steps. After finishing his speech, the audience was invited to ask questions To do well in sports, a training schedule must be followed. Standing by the window, the park opposite our house is in full view. From attending class, the principles of chemistry were made clear. To develop a lively writing style, all kinds of sentence structures should be used. When only three years old, my father took me to a circus.,48,4.Mispla