翻译的过程2010.+11.+Chapter+2+Process+of+Translation.ppt

1、Chapter Two,Process of Translation,1. Translating Process The process of translation refers to “the cognitive and creative activity in which translators establish interlingual equivalences between texts or text segments ” (Delisle et al, 2004, 277),Wilss declares in his book ”Knowledge and Skills in

2、 Translator Behavior”: “Translator performance can be seen as the manifestation of an information-performance device consisting of (1) lexical, phraseological, syntactic, and pragmatic processing of the textual input;”,(2) lexical, phraseological, syntactic, and pragmatic transfer of the ST into the

3、 TT environment, with the translator having in mind the need to achieve functional equivalence; and,(3) the assessment of the translation product in a more or less detailed evaluation phase. (1996:124),Hatim ,1）You flatter me. 误译：你拍我马屁。,1）You flatter me. 正译：你过奖了。,2）He is lying on his back. 误译：他仰卧着在他

4、的背上。,2）He is lying on his back. 正译：他仰卧着。,3）唐长安城划分为一百零八坊和东市、西市两个商业区。 误译：It was divided into one hundred and eight workshops and two commercial districtsthe East City and the West City.,3）唐长安城划分为一百零八坊和东市、西市两个商业区。 改译：It was divided into one hundred and eight squares and two commercial centres called th

5、e East Market and the West Market.,(4) 好几个人摸摸头，摸摸脖子，说下得好没意思，不知谁是赢家，就有几个人离开走出去，把油灯带得一明一暗。(棋王) 原译：Quite a few of the spectators started scratching their heads and their necks and saying that this was a boring way of playing as you couldnt tell who was winning. Some of them left, taking some of the oil

6、 lamps with them and leaving the room half in darkness.,分析：这里“带”不是“携带”的意思，油灯并没有拿走，“ 一明一暗” 说的是灯光闪烁不定。(另外，这里“离开”指离开棋局，译文中没有译出这一层意思) 。 试改译为：Some of them withdrew and left the room, leaving the oil lamp flickering there.,(2) the referential level, the level of objects and events, real or imaginary, whic

7、h we progressively have to visualize and build up, and which is an essential part, first of the comprehension, then of the reproduction process; .,(3) the cohesive level, which is more general, and grammatical, which traces the train of thought, the feeling tone (positive or negative) and the variou

8、s presuppositions of SL text. This level encompasses both comprehension and reproduction: it presents an overall picture, to which we may have to adjust the language level;,（4）The English arrived in North America with hopes of duplicating the exploits of the Spanish in South America, where explorers

9、 had discovered immense fortunes in gold and silver. Although Spain and England shared a pronounced lust for wealth, differences between the two cultures were profound. 原译：英国人抱着和西班牙人开拓南美洲一样的动机来到北美洲，西班牙的探险者在南美洲发现了大批金银财宝。虽然西班牙和英国都同样明显地贪图财富，但是两国的文化却存在着很大的差异。,（4）The English arrived in North America with

10、 hopes of duplicating the exploits of the Spanish in South America, where explorers had discovered immense fortunes in gold and silver. Although Spain and England shared a pronounced lust for wealth, differences between the two cultures were profound. 改译：当年西班牙探险者在南美洲发现了大批金银财宝。英国人来到北美洲的动机也如出一辙。尽管两国对财

11、富的贪欲同样强烈，但是两国在文化上却存在着巨大的差异。,5) 唐长安城包括今西安城和近郊区，面积相当于现在西安城的七倍半，城周有三十六点七公里，城内居住着约一百万人口。 原译：The Changan City in the Tang Dynasty included todays Xian city proper and its suburbs. Its area was seven and a half times as large as Xian city. Its circumference was 36.7 kilometers. There lived about one milli

12、on people in the city.,5) 唐长安城包括今西安城和近郊区，面积相当于现在西安城的七倍半，城周有三十六点七公里，城内居住着约一百万人口。 改译：The Changan City in the Tang Dynasty included todays Xian city proper and its suburbs. It covered an area seven and a half times as large as Xian city, with a circumference of 36.7 kilometers. It had a population of a

13、bout one million.,6) 白杨不是平凡的树。它在西北极普遍，不被人重视，就跟北方农民相似；它有极强的生命力，磨折不了，压迫不倒，也跟北方的农民相似。 (茅盾: 白杨礼赞),6) 译文: White poplars are no ordinary trees. But these common trees in Northwest China are as much ignored as our peasants in the North. However , like our peasant s in the North , they are bursting with vit

14、ality and capable of surviving any hardship or oppression.,7) 知己知彼，百战不殆； 不知彼而知己，一胜一负； 不知己不知彼，每战必殆。,7)（若）知己（而又）知彼，（则） 百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知己（而又）不知彼，（则）每战（将）必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one b

15、attle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.,8) 出发了。走到巷口，一点名，小秃没影了。大家折回家里，找了半点多钟，没找着。大家决定不看电影了，找小秃是最重要的。把新衣裳全脱了，分头去找小秃。（老舍有声电影） 译文：Finally they were all outside the door, and were all set t

16、o start on the journey, when it was found that Little Bald-Head was missing. Back they came into the house to look for him, but couldnt establish his whereabouts. They agreed to give up going, because looking for Little Bald-Head was more important. Everybody began to take off his or her things, and

17、 went off in different directions to look for Bald-Head. （林语堂译）,9)他跑来跑去的寻。他想寻一个窟穴，躲了身子，将石子堵了穴口，隐隐的蜕壳。他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软，要被别的螃蟹吃去的。这并非害怕，他实在亲眼见过。,9) 他跑来跑去的寻。他想寻一个窟穴，躲了身子，将石子堵了穴口，隐隐的蜕壳。他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软，要被别的螃蟹吃去的。这并非害怕，他实在亲眼见过。 He dashed here and there in search of a cave to hide. He was going to block u

18、p the mouth of the cave so that he could moult in secret. He knew it would be very dangerous to shed his shell in the open because, with his new shell still being soft, he might be eaten up by other crabs. This fear was not groundless for he himself had really seen it happen to other moulting crabs.

19、,10) On one of those sober and rather melancholy days, in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey. (Washington Erving, Westminster Abbey) 译文：时

20、方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带忧郁，早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影，几乎连接在一起，不可分别，岁云将暮，终日昏暗，我就在这么一天，在西敏大寺去信步走了几个钟头。,(4) the level of naturalness, of common language appropriate to the writer or the speaker in a certain situation.,Finally, there is the revision procedure, which may be concentrated or staggered according to the situation.,Usua

21、lly there are three steps in the process of translation: Comprehension(理解) Representation（表达） Proofreading behave in a just honorable and fair manner (规规矩矩地比赛，为人正直),4.2. Representation (表达) Representation is the result of comprehension, but accurate comprehension does not mean adequate representatio

22、n. It seems that sometimes you understand the meaning of the sentence, but you dont know how to represent it in appropriate words. At this stage, words chosen and sentences constructed must all be expressed to convey the accurate meaning of the original.,表达就是准确地运用各种翻译技巧，以规范的语言体现原文的内容，从而使所译的东西在内容和形式上

23、成为有机的统一体。表达是理解的继续和升华，表达的好坏取决于对原文的理解的深度及对英语语言掌握的程度。若不能用确切的汉语表达出来，译文则显得别扭生硬，晦涩难懂, 表达也就失去了意义。,理解和表达是翻译过程中两个各自不同但又密切相关的阶段。也就是说，在理解的基础上进行表达，在表达的过程中加深理解。理解要尽量准确，表达应力求充分。两个方面相互促进、相互补充，这样整个翻译过程才成为一个完整的统一体。,所谓充分表达，即利用对目的语的驾驭能力，完全而恰如其分地表达原文的思想内容、立场感情和风格笔调。例如： （1）Reports of new successes keep pouring in. 捷报频传。

24、,（2）We excel at making a living but often fail in making a life. 我们善于谋生，却往往不会营造生活。,（3）He went on standing against the rail; watching her, as she was taken to the opposite bank of the river in a little boat. 他一直倚着栏杆，目送她坐着小船划向河对岸。,（4）He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women

25、. (Brian Crozier: De Gaulle) 【译文】他生性乐观， 身材魁梧，贪食贪杯又贪色。 【解析】“huge appetite for.”是“胃口很大”，“特别喜欢”的意思，尤其是和“women”搭配一起，就很顺当地译成了“贪”，“贪”和“food, drink”也能搭配一起。接连用了三个“贪”，所以，增译“生性”二字也很符合情理。,说到充分表达，要防止两种倾向：过分表达（Over-representation）和欠充分表达（Under-representation）。 所谓过分表达，即不顾原文本意如何，而任意添枝加叶。例如： He was on his way to Chi

26、na again. 他又风尘仆仆地踏上了去中国的旅程。 其中“风尘仆仆地”五个字是多余的。,He sold hard-to-get items. 他行贿受贿，兜售紧销商品。 其中“行贿受贿”四个字属无中生有，“兜售”一般被视为贬义词，而原文没有明显的贬褒之分。 建议改译：他出售紧俏商品。,所谓欠充分表达，即或任意删减，或不问作者感情态度，或不计文体风格，等等。例如： When we were in port, my crew was responsible for moving, installing and modifying the items to be tested the next

27、week. To compound the problems, our good ship Wyoming was declared to be unsafe. 原译： 进港后，船员们负责搬运、安装、调试仪器和设备，迎接下星期的试验。就在此关键时刻，我们的“怀俄明”号被宣布为不安全。,原文有两处漏译：To compound the problems（使问题复杂化）和good（好端端的）。 建议改译：入港后，舰上的官兵们忙着搬运、安装、调试仪器和设备，迎接下星期的试验。就在此时麻烦事来了：上级宣布我们这艘好端端的“怀俄明”号为不安全舰只。,(1) Use the dictionary flexi

28、bly e.g. Ignorance of the law excuses no man.,e.g. Ignorance of the law excuses no man. 谁也不能以不懂法律来替自己辩解。,(2) Change the order of the sentence,e.g. Mr. Han believes that many Chinese are overlooking the potential risks because of a “worship of market forces” and the alluring prospect of cheaper impor

29、ted goods. 译文：韩先生认为，许多中国人由于“崇拜市场能量”，并且受到便宜的进口商品的诱惑，对于人世的潜在风险缺乏足够的认识。,e.g. Overall, there could be a net gain in jobs, but the WTO membership will not reverse the trend of growing rural and urban unemployment. It is likely to aggravate disparities between regions as areas unencumbered by large number

30、s of state-owned enterprises make the biggest gain. 译文：总的说来，WTO会创造新的就业机会。但它无法扭转城乡失业率的增长趋势。另外，国有企业数量较少的地区将成为最大的赢家，由此还可以进一步扩大地区差别。,(3) Split the sentence e.g. It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are str

31、ongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort. 原译：这是件我不能想出解释的事，就是正好那些天气最坏和寻找风景如画的地方最带有困难的欧洲国家是对乡村生活具有的热情和对自然景色具有的爱心最强烈的和最普遍的。,e.g. It is a curious fact, of which I can think

32、 of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort. 改译：欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛苦一番，

33、才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最爱欣赏天然风景，而且这个情形也极普遍。这是实情，我怎么也提不出叫人满意的解释来。,4) Add or delete some words e.g.(1) Condit came out with his political smile.,e.g.(1) Condit came out with his political smile. 康迪特走出去时，脸上带着政客惯有的笑容。,（2）A doctors duty is to make every effort to save the dying and help the wounded

34、. 医生的职责是尽心尽力地救死扶伤.,4.3 Proofreading check whether the translation is economical and natural without any translationese. (翻译腔).,译文不仅是供人欣赏和借鉴的“艺术品”，而且是一件很高超的艺术品，是一件用精炼的文字、完美的笔调表达的艺术品。所以，一定要逐字、逐句、逐段地仔细修改，行文造句要讲求语体之美、风格之美、修辞之美，句简词精，使译文多点“神”气。审校就是检查译文有无遗漏丢失、错译误译、前后矛盾、关系混乱、文体逻辑等方面的问题；同时还要润色文字，在译文的“传达”上下功夫

35、，力求用词贴切，文从字顺，增强译语的可读性（readability）。,审校是翻译过程的检查验收过程，是理解与表达的进一步深化，是对原文内容进一步核实及对译文语言文字进一步推敲的阶段，是最终完成翻译任务不可少的一个重要环节。审校全文使译文前后贯通，力求达到译文与原文的总体“复制”效果。审校是使译文符合标准规范不可少的一个阶段。审校通常有初校、复校、定稿三个步骤。,初校：在初稿译出后，应校核：人名、地名、时间、年代、数字、方位、关键词、字、句，等方面有无漏译、误译、及表达不妥的地方。 复校：脱离原文，润色文字，看译文是否符合汉语的习惯表达，是否通顺、规范，特别是逻辑关系、因果关系是否正确。 定稿

36、：最后一次对照原文浏览一遍，检查有无遗漏、数字编码是否前后一致，特别是标点符号是否合适，等所有的问题均已解决，定稿译文。,标点符号的使用很重要，用的地方不同，形式和意义也就不同。明朝有个大学士名叫解缙，饱读诗书，机智过人，永乐皇帝非常赏识。传说有一天，皇帝得到一柄珍贵的扇子，上面只有山水，却无一字，不解其意，就让解缙在扇上题字。解缙接过扇子一看，便知画是按王之涣的七言绝句凉州词,“黄河远上白云间，一片孤城万仞山，羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关。”画的。 解缙略加思索，一挥而就，呈给皇帝。皇帝看过，龙颜大悦，便传给众臣们看。大家都赞不绝口，突然一位大臣发现，解缙题的这首词中竟然少了一个 “间”

37、字。大家顿时为他担忧起来。汉王高照素来嫉妒解缙之才，于是向皇帝奏道：“解缙目无圣上，漏字欺君。请皇上明察。”,皇上一看，果真如此。便宣解缙领罪。解缙看到扇面也不禁惊出一身冷汗。可是他灵机一动，对皇帝笑道：“请圣上息怒，臣所题的凉州词与王之涣的凉州词并非相同，这不是七言绝句，而是一首词。于是他当众朗读起来，君臣们听后都赞叹不已，皇帝不仅没降罪，反而重赏了他。词是这样巧妙标点、断句改写的： “黄河远上， 白云一片， 孤城万仞山。 羌笛何须怨？ 杨柳春风， 不度玉门关。”,这样的例子并不少见，标点符号在汉语里重要，在英语里也很重要。例如： An English professor wrote the

38、 words “woman without her man is nothing” on the blackboard and directed students to punctuate them correctly. The male students wrote: “Woman without her man, is nothing.” The female students wrote: “Woman! Without her, man is nothing.” 【译文】一位英语教授在黑板上写了这么一句话“女人没有她男人就什么都不是。”然后让学生用正确标点符号标点出来。男同学这样标点，

39、“女人，没有她男人，就什么都不是。” 女同学则这样标点，“女人！没有她，男人就什么都不是。”,还有一则外国笑话，说的是有一家理发店门口有这样一个广告： “What do you think I shave you for nothing, and give you a drink!” 路人见此，十分好奇，认为在这家理发店刮胡子修面，不仅不收钱，还给一杯酒喝，妙哉！何不一试？便纷纷而入。店老板一看人多，生意也好起来，这时，理发师便偷偷给广告加上了标点。,“What！Do you think I shave you for nothing, and give you a drink?” 这样一改意

40、思就成了：“怎么？你认为我会给你免费刮脸修面，并且还给你一杯酒喝吗？”但见众顾客面面相觑，顿时，纷纷鱼贯而出。由此可见，区区标点，用之不当，引人发笑！下面举几例因标点符号的位置所引起的异义，来说明标点符号的重要。,Xiao Yan，a timid girl is arguing heatedly with the students about it. 小燕(呼语)，有个腼腆的姑娘现在正热烈地和同学们辩论。 Xiao Yan，a timid girl，is arguing heatedly with the students about it. 小燕是个腼腆的姑娘，现在也正热烈地和同学们辩论。,

41、Tommy Adrews says the boy is a silly donkey. 汤米安德鲁斯说，这孩子是个大笨蛋。 Tommy Adrews, says the boy, is a silly donkey. 男孩子说，汤米安德鲁斯是个大笨蛋。,Do you know her brother? 你认识她的哥哥吗？ Do you know her, Brother? 哥哥，你认识她吗？,All Londoners who are born within the sound of Bow Bells are called cockneys. 所有土生土长的伦敦人被称为是伦敦佬。 All

42、Londoners，who are born within the sound of Bow Bells, are called cockneys. 所有的伦敦人都是土生土长的，他们都被称为是伦敦佬。,If you want to be slim, dont eat fast. 要想苗条，那就别吃得太快。 If you want to be slim, dont eat. Fast! 要想苗条，那就别吃饭，饿着吧！ Where is my bookmark？ 我的书签在哪儿？ Where is my book，Mark？ 玛克，我的书在哪儿？,In the process of checkin

43、g-up, youll have to 1) Check the names of persons, places, dates, directions, numerals and so on with the original work. 2) Make sure there is no omission of paragraphs, sentences or words in your version.,3) Revise those words or sentences that are not properly translated. 4) Generally speaking, we

44、 should check our translation work twice. The first time lays the stress on checking the content. The second time, polish the version so as to make it pleasing to the readers.,e.g. (1) out of question / out of the question (2) 25% of invoice value / 25% off invoice value,e.g. (1) out of question / o

45、ut of the question 毫无问题 / 绝不可能 (2) 25% of invoice value / 25% off invoice value 发票金额的25% / 发票金额减去25%,(3) the School of the air (4) South Africa / south Africa (5) uniformed / uninformed,(3) the School of the air 广播学校（误：空军学校） (4) South Africa / south Africa 南非 / 非洲南部 (5) uniformed / uninformed 统一的,一致

46、的 /未被通知的,（6）Left-handed mustache cups were also available 原译：左撇子用来剃小胡子的水杯也问世了。 （英汉翻译基础 P271）,（6）Left-handed mustache cups were also available. 改译：此处也备有左撇子专用的胡子 杯。 左撇子专用的胡子杯也可以买（找 到。）,(7) The U.S. bureaucracy has somehow managed to survive two centuries of tinkering by members of Congress and often h

47、yperactive presidents. 原译：美国政府的行政管理机构总算经受住了两百年来国会议员和常常是不安职守的总统们那东一榔头西一棒子的调整改革。,(7) The U.S. bureaucracy has somehow managed to survive two centuries of tinkering by members of Congress and often hyperactive presidents. 改译：两百年来，国会议员和不安职守的总统们不断地进行着东一榔头西一棒子的改革调整。不过美国政府的行政管理机构总算是没有垮掉。,4.4 Overcome tranl

48、ationese (克服翻译腔) There are several kinds of translationese, they are : Wrong collocation词不搭配(原文可以搭配的词在译文中不一定能搭配) Difficult to understand,令人费解 Misexpression,表达失误 Affected by source language受到原语的干扰,e.g. (1) Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thinking. 原译：限

49、制交流和歪曲信息是短视思想的征兆。,e.g. (1) Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thinking. 改译：限制交流和歪曲信息是目光短浅 的表现。,(2) I cant see any real basis for marriage except in terms of its being a mechanical unit, that society must have to exist. 原译：关于婚姻，在我看来它只不过是一个机械的单位，此外，我看不出它有任

50、何真正的基础。而这样的机械单位是社会存在所必需的。 改译：我认为婚姻无非就是为了建立由丈夫妻子组成的家庭，这个社会赖以存在的家庭。,(3) “My plots are fantastic, while being often based on truth,” said Ian Fleming in 1964, “They go wildly beyond the probable, but not, I think, beyond the possible.” Thats why Bond movies have been always gripping the audiences heart

51、. 原译：“我的情节虽然离奇，但都有事实根据，”伊恩。弗莱明在年时说：“它们大胆地超越了大概会发生的事，但我认为，它们尚未超出可能会发生的事。”。这也正是邦德片久盛不衰的原因。,(3) “My plots are fantastic, while being often based on truth,” said Ian Fleming in 1964, “They go wildly beyond the probable, but not, I think, beyond the possible.” Thats why Bond movies have been always gripping the audiences heart. 改译：“我的情节虽然离奇，但都有事实根据，”伊恩。弗莱明