第十章+英语从句翻译.ppt

1、第十章 英语从句的翻译,定义： 从句（Subordinate Clause）是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom，when，why，where。how，which等引导词（Connective）引导的非主句部分。 分类：主语从句Subject Clause 表语从句Predicative Clause 宾语从句Object Clause 同位语从句Appositive Clause 定语从句Attributive Clause 状语从句Adverbial Clause,前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名

2、词性从句； 定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句； 而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。 状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句。,限制性定语从句Restrictive Attributive Clauses,定语从句就其与先行词的关系分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。因此英语定语从句的译法主要涉及限制性和非限制性定语从句的译法。 限制性定语从句和它的先行词的所指意义有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行词的名词(词组)便不能明确表示其所指对象，根据汉语的表达习惯及对原文的忠实度，翻译这类定语从句可以采用以下几种方法：,(一)合译法 合译法指把

3、定语从句译成带定语词组，放在被修饰词的前面，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。合译法一般适用于结构比较简单或具有描写性的限制性定语从句。 Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity(速度)of light did not vary. 分析：定语从句的结构是简单的主谓宾结构，翻译成前置的定语词组。,参考译文：然而在任何物理学家所进行过的精细巧妙的实验中，都没有发现这种影响：光速没有变化。 (二)

4、分译法 如果限制性定语从句结构较为复杂。译成前置的定语短语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，从句一般与主句分译，往往可以译成后置的并列分句，也可以依据上下文译成前置的并列分句。 As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions, an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene be

5、ing pictured. 分析：在这句的定语从句中，有现在分词作前置定语，及过去分词做后置定语，翻译成前置的定语词组会生涩拗口。因此将从句与主句分开翻译，单独成句。,参考译文：因为图像的较明亮的部分比黑暗的部分或者阴影部分发射的电子更多，所以产生的电子图像随正电荷的变化强度，使正在描述的荧幕上的光强度成倍增强。 (三)融合法 当定语部分所给信息与被修饰词关系紧密、必不可少时，可将原来的语序打乱，用自己的话将原句中的主句与定语从句重新组织，译成一个独立的句子。 There are those who insist that the era of a computer terminal on e

6、very desk is just around the corner, while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give way to computerized instruction. 分析：在翻译there be句型中的定语从句时，常用此方法。,参考译文：有些人坚信，每张课桌上放一台计算机终端设备的时代即将来临，而另一些坚持说传统的教学方法决不会让位于计算机教学。 (四)断开法 当前置或后置都要影响上下文连贯时，可以将其放在主句中间，用破折号或括号等将其与主句断开。例如： The last bits

7、 and pieces of interplanetary debris(星际碎片)from which Earth formed were just arriving.,参考译文： 最后的一批星际碎片(地球正是由这些碎片构成的)正降落在地球上。,非限定性定语从句Non- restrictive Attributive Clauses,非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，对先行词不起限定的作用。就其意义来说，在句中有时相当于一个并列分句。翻译此类句子，一般可采用以下方法： (一)译成独立句 一般来说，非限制性定语从句较少译成带定语词组。在翻译成汉语时可以将从句与主句分译，独立成

8、句。 Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa, he found himself watching a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted now in wide arcs, now in small ones. 分析：定语从句被翻译为后置的并列分句，用人称代词它代替先行词吊架灯。,参考译文：一次在比萨大教堂做礼拜时，他发现自己正看着一个吊灯架，它随着气流时而划一个大弧，时而划一个小弧。 (二)断开法 我们同样可以用括号或破折号将非限制性从句和主句断开。 All commercial c

9、ommunication satellites, which began to be launched in1965, are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits(地球同步轨道)。,参考译文： 所有商业性通讯卫星(1965年开始发射)现在都设计用于地球同步轨道。 (三)翻译成有状语职能的句子 非限制性定语从句在语义上有时起状语分句的作用，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。因此可将此类从句译为相应的状语分句。 Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to

10、impede their motion. 分析：在语义上，定语从句与主句的关系为因果关系，因此我们将定语从句译成原因状语从句。,参考译文：火箭在太空中运行最佳，因为在那儿不存在阻碍他们运动的大气。,同位语从句 Appositive Clause,英语的同位语从句是用以解释说明前面某一名词的内容的，也就是将这一名词的含义具体化，其地位和此名词是同等的。从句常用that或whether来引导。同位语从句常用来说明fact, theory, sense, question, conclusion, news, experience, evidence, proof, condition, law,

11、conjecture, doubt 等词的具体含义。 翻译此类从句时，一般有两种处理方法：一种把从句译成一个独立的句子，并在其前加即，这等词，或在从句所修饰的名词之后加冒号或破折号;二是用的字把从句放在它所修饰的词之前。如：,Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts o

12、f scientists and technologists of all kinds.(2000年) 结构分析：句子的框架是Furthermore, it is obvious that, and that.这是典型的句型It+is+obvious+that clause. It是形式主语，真正的主语是由连词and连接的两个并列的主语从句:A.that the strength isbound with, B.and that thisrests upon the efforts.第一个主语从句中的词组be bound up with是与有关联之意;在第二个主语从句中，代词this指代前文的

13、the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,译为效率的提高。,参考译文：再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical i

14、nquiry.,结构分析：句子的框架是There is no agreement whetheror.主句是There is no agreement, agreement后面紧跟了由whether引导的同位语从句作同位语;在同位语从句中，谓语动词短语refers to跟了两个由连词or连接的并列宾语:A. the concepts peculiar to historical work in general; B. the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.在第一个宾语中

15、，形容词词组peculiar to historical work和介词词组in general作后置定语修饰the concepts;在第二个宾语中同样有形容词词组appropriate toof historical inquiry作后置定语修饰the research techniques.,参考译文：所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。,时间状语从句Adverbial Clause of Time,(一)译成相应的表示时间的状语 When they analyzed these rocks, they found sh

16、ocked quartz grainsslivers with a particular arrangement of micro cracks believed to represent the relic left by an extraterrestrial impact. 分析：when引导的时间直接翻译为在的时候。,参考译文：在分析这些岩芯时，他们发现冲击石英颗粒带有特殊排列的微裂缝的薄片，科学家认为他们是外层空间来的物体与地球碰撞留下来的遗迹。 As land developed, rain water and rivers dissolved salts and other su

17、bstances from rocks and carried them to the oceans, making the ocean salty. 分析：as在句中引导的是一个时间状语从句。,参考译文：在陆地形成时，雨水和河水溶解了岩石中的盐和其他物质并把它们带入海洋，使海水变咸。 (二)根据语境确立译法 The story dated back to one night in march, 1993, when Mr. and Mrs. shoemakers went to an observatory near San Diego, California to observe heav

18、enly bodies till dawn. 分析：根据上下文，when引导的时间状语从句并未翻译成的时候，而是译成独立的句子。,参考译文：故事发生在1993年3月的一个夜晚。苏梅克夫妇到加利福尼亚圣迭戈附近的一座天文台去观测天体，直到黎明。 Something further must be done to the amplified signals before they can be sent to the transmitting antenna. 分析：before引导的时间状语从句译为才使句意更为连贯。,参考译文：对于放大了的信号，必须作进一步的处理后，才能把它们馈送到发射天线上去

19、。,条件状语从句Adverbial Clauses of Condition,条件状语从句可相应译成表示条件或表示假设的分句，例如翻译成：如果、要是等引导的分句。 Sometimes this fall, if all goes well, a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage. 分析：if 引导的条件状语从句插在主句的中间，翻译时也做了同样的处理。,参考译文：今年秋天，如果一切顺利的话，一只革命性新潜艇将轻

20、轻在蒙特利海湾下水，进行它的第一次航行。 The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit. 分析：本句中的条件状语由provided引导。引导条件状语从句的词组还有providing, as long as等。,参考译文： 如果外力不超过某一限度的话，那么形变量与外力成正比。,原因状语从句Adverbial Clauses of Cause,原因状语从句要译成表示原因的分句。 You jump o

21、n the band wagon when you decide to support a candidate because public opinion studies show he is likely to win. 分析：译文中将原句的语序作了前后调整，原因状语前置，而主句被翻译成表示结果的分句。,参考译文：如果民意调查显示某个侯选人很可能会取胜，因此你决定支持他，你就跳上了宣传车。 He says computer manufacturers used to be more worried about electromagnetic interference, so they of

22、ten put blocks of material inside to absorb stray signals.参考译文：他说过去的计算机生产商往往更担心电磁干扰，所以他们常常内置一层材料来吸收杂散信号。,让步状语从句Adverbial Clauses of Concession,一、译成表示让步的分句，如虽然但是，尽管等。 Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth，anything humans can do, Nature has already done better and in far, far less

23、 space. 分析：although引导的让步状语从句译成虽然但。,参考译文： 虽然人类是地球上最聪明的生物，人能创造一切，但大自然更富于创造性，早已创造出比人类创造的更好更小巧的东西。 二、译成条件句 由no matter引导的从句可以译为以不论，不管，无论等做关联词的条件分句。例如： No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.,参考译文：不管你多么小心翼翼地把手伸向一只苍蝇，差不多每次它都飞走。,目的状语从句Adverbial Cl

24、auses of Purpose,(一)将表示目的的从句前置 For example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process. 分析：原句中由so that引导的目的状语从句在译文中放到了主句之前。,参考译文：例如，为了能让学生研究这一过程，电影可以放慢演示晶体的形成过程。 (二)表示目的的从句后置 The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them, mount

25、ed on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables. 分析：句中有两个目的状语从句，在翻译时，并未直接翻译成为了，而是译为这样，更能让人接受。,参考译文：鞍座可以是固定的，这样钢缆可以在它上面滑动，也可以安装在滚柱上，这样鞍座就会随钢缆的移动而移动。 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees hi

26、story as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(1999年) 结构分析：句子的框架是While there are almost as manyas there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as.while引导让步状语从句，翻译时可译为尽管但是.as引导一个比较状语从句。主句中包含一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰one. one指代definit

27、ion. definition意为定义，界定;modern practice在此意为现代史学实践;conform to原意为遵照，顺从，在此译为趋向于认为。,参考译文：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。,翻译下列定语从句,1. All taxes and duties inside the Sellers country to which the seller is liable in connection with the contract shall be borne by the seller. 2. Nat

28、ions will usually produce and export those goods in which they have the greatest comparative advantage, and import those items in which they have the least comparative advantage. 3. In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods, there is also invisible tr

29、ade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. 4. Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created. 5. As imports are financed by exports, which help to gain foreign currency to import the ba

30、dly needed raw materials, technology and equipment, the capacity of a nation to import obviously depends on its export performance.,1.卖方所在国境内发生的与本合同有关的一切赋税及关税均由卖方负担。 2.各国通常都生产和出口那些他们最具有比较优势的产品，而进口那些他们最不具有比较优势的产品。 3.除了这种进口商品的有形贸易以外，还有一种国与国之间进行交换服务的无形贸易。 4.商务是指生产、配送、销售等一切活动的组合，通过这些活动，创造利润或经济盈余。 5.由于进口

31、依靠出口来融资，出口获得的外汇可用来进口急需的原材料、技术及设备，因此一个国家的进口能力显然取决于出口业绩的好坏。,6. International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and government

32、al policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics. 7. There were components in that shipment which had varied defects that often resulted in performance failure. 8. The company therefore sent out teams of service consultants, who customized improvement

33、programs for its clients. 9. In organizing for quality, managers must take the lead. Joseph Juran suggests the idea of “quality councils”, teams of senior managers drawn from all departments who could lead the co-ordination of systems across the company.,6.国际商务作为管理训练的一个分支出现，是由于跨国界的商业交易日益增长的范围和复杂性产生了

34、新的、特殊的管理问题和政府政策问题。这些问题没有在传统的商业和经济领域里受到足够的注意。 7.在那批设备中，有些部件发现有不同程度的缺陷，造成了设备经常运转失灵。 8.于是公司派出了一些服务小组，分别向客户提出了针对性的改善建议。 9.在质量的组织方面，经理们必须起带头做用。约瑟夫朱兰提出了“质量委员会”的理念，其成员是公司的所有部门的高级经理们，能领导全公司的协调工作。,试翻译如下同位语从句,1. He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 2. There are indications that

35、intelligence, not politics is his primary concern. 3. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive is ignored. 4. It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 5. Canada has long subscribed to the view that no state should use its territory or allow it to be used in such a way as to injure the environment of another state or of the “international commons”. 6. The Great Depression gave rise to the fear that such catastrophes would recur or e