句子的翻译1教学课件

1、第五课 句子的翻译,5.1英汉句子对比及翻译技巧,形合与意合 树状与竹状 主语与主题 静态与动态 被动与主动 物称与人称,引言,英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European Family) 汉语属于汉藏语系 (Sino-Tibetan Family),5.1.1 形合与意合（hypotaxis vs. parataxis) 英语国家沿袭了古代希腊人非常严格和规范的语词系统。古代希腊人认为，语词系统与思维系统是相一致的，要表达一个清晰合理的思想就离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。而在一个毫无条理的陈述结构中，思想肯定也是杂乱无章的，而杂乱无章的思想事没有意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一种背景下形成的

2、。与之相反，中国人重直觉，强调意念流，只要能够达意，词的形式是无关紧要的，词语之间的关系常在不言中，语法意义和逻辑关,系常隐藏在字里行间。正所谓“辞，达而已矣”(论语卫灵公）。如“小桥流水人家” 。 在不同的语言中，句子内部连接或外部连接几乎都是用三种手段：句法手段（syntactic devices),词汇手段（lexical equivalence)和语义手段（semantic connection)。用前两种手段连接即是形合，用后一种手段连接则是意合。英语句法结构重形合，句中各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语，以表示其结构关系。汉语句法结构重意合，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语

3、境的映衬，少用连接词语。（方梦之,2005),Hypotaxis(形合）is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis. 为标明词语与词语之间，短语与短语之间，句子与句子之间的关系，英语经常借助于显性的衔接手段。英语达到形合的手段主要有三种：1.借助于语法手段，如时态语态主谓一致性人称与数的一致动词的曲折变化等等。2.借助于介词。3.借助于关联词（包括关系词who

4、, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how和连接词and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well,as, neithernor, when, while, as, since, until, sothat, unless, lest ）。或综合运用以上各种形合手段。 例：The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the pauci

5、ty of the information media. 译文：由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝。这种状况又因为通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。 回译文：Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.,Parataxis(意合法）is the

6、 arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis. 雨是最寻常的，（它）一下就是两三天。（不过）（你）可别恼，（你试着向外边）看，它正在下着，像花针，（也）像细丝，（它）（那么）密密地斜织着，（以至于）（人家的）屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。,相比之下，汉语的衔接方式是隐性的，汉语一般借助于词语的排列顺序，紧缩句，四字格，或修辞手段如重复等来组织句子。如： 人

7、（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。（语序） We will not attack unless we are attacked. 有饭大家吃。（紧缩句）（=如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧。） Let everybody share the food if there is any. 打死我也不说。（紧缩句） Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 物极必反。（四字格） Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.

8、,翻译下面的句子，注意英语的形合与汉语的意合是如何转换的。 1）你今天来明天来都可以。 You can come today or tomorrow. 2) 总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 In a word, the prospect is bright but the road has twists and turns. 3) 月亮渐渐地升高了，墙外马路上孩子们的欢笑声，已经听不见了；妻在屋里拍着闰儿，迷迷糊糊地哼着眠歌，我悄悄地披了大衫，带上门出去。,A full moon was rising high above in the sky: the laughter of the c

9、hildren playing outside had died away; in the room, my wife was patting the son, Run-er, sleepily humming a cradlesong; shrugging on an overcoat, quietly, I made my way out, closing the door behind me. (朱纯深译）,5.1.2树状与竹状 “西文句中名物字，多随举随释，如中文之旁支，后乃遥接前文，足意成句。”（严复）英语句子“多随举随释”，枝杈蔓生，呈树状结构，分叉处有介词，关系代词连接。而汉语按

10、时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开，节节延伸，犹如竹子。（郭丽君） 英语的词组与词组、句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代得十分清楚。英语的关系词（包括介词、关系代词、关系副词、连接词等）十分丰富，英语正是靠这些关系词的过渡和连接，从形态上来维系句内和句间的各种关系的。因此英语,句子结构呈树状，往往有一主干（复合句中的主句或简单句中的某主要成分），主干上枝蔓横生：句子成分随时可加以修饰，而修饰语中的某成分又可被别的成分修饰。由此往往形成长句。 汉语句子结构呈竹状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题语之下按逻辑顺序铺陈，虽然小节间有逗号隔开，但语句的联系仍是紧密的。这样，汉译时经

11、常由英语的树状结构转化为汉语的竹节状。（方梦之，2005）,例如：The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 译文：男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃东西了。 从上例可以看出，英语十分注重句子的形式和结构的完整，上面英语句子的主干为the boy said，但节外生枝，叠床架屋，竟有5个从句，用了who, as if, when,

12、 that, because等多个连接成分，形成一个空间构架，犹如枝繁叶茂的参天大树，呈树状。而相应的汉语节节展开，言简意赅，语意连贯，结构紧凑，呈竹状。,5.1.3 主语突出与主题突出 中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”，“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。”正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题

13、显著,（topic-prominent）的语言。（曾剑平，2005）英语是注重主语的语言，造句离不开主语。这是英语民族“主客二分”的哲学思维方式在语言中的反映。 英译汉时处理方法： 1.英语主谓结构与汉语”主题+述题”结构对译。例： Ive been wondering something. 有件事儿我一直很纳闷. I tried everything I could think of . 我能想到的,我都试过了.,2.英语的主谓结构译成汉语无主句 1) Its raining hard. 下大雨了. 2) What happened? 发生什么事了? 3)Is that a true sto

14、ry? 真有这事吗? 汉译英时处理方法： 应首先为英语句子找到合适的主语,根据语境及译入语的行文习惯处理,1) 路上只我一个人,背着手踱着. I am on my own, strolling, hands behind my back. 2) 在这种气候里想把这种花养活,我还没有这种本事. In a climate like this, it is far beyond my capacity to grow such precious flower. 3)他什么苦都吃得,从不贪图安逸,追求享受. He could withstand any hardship and never sough

15、t ease and comfort.,4) 这种水泵的主要特点是操作简便。 This pump is chiefly characterized by its simple operation. 5) 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建主义的运动。 The May 4 th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement.,比较下面几个句子的译文，判断一下哪个译文好。 1）昨天的事多亏你帮忙。 译文 1 ： Thank you for your help yesterday. 译文 2 ： I owe

16、 you a lot for your help yesterday. 2）他会干这种事我不相信。 译文一： I dont believe that he should have done such things. 译文二： That he should have done such things I dont believe.,3）在桌子上他放了一本书。 译文 1 ： On the desk he put a book. 译文 2 ： He put a book on the desk. 翻译下面的句子，并注意英语句子中的主语应该怎样换成汉语句子的主题。 1）I would not beli

17、eve what he said. 2) I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 3) I know Mr. Wang.,5.1.4 静态与动态 (static vs. dynamic) 英语有一种少用（谓语）动词，或用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向：而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词（finite verb), 唯一例外形式是并列句动词谓语；而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”，以及紧缩句，如“我们下雨也去”，有的句子几乎全句都是动词，如

18、“打得赢就打，打不赢就走，不怕没办法。”（包彩霞，2003） 英语的限定动词只能做谓语，而汉语中的动词（包括动宾词组、主谓词组等）无处,不在，不仅作谓语，也可以做主语，如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”；做宾语，如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”；作定语，如“讨论的问题很重要”；作状语，如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语，如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。（包彩霞，2003） 汉语为数不多的介词，大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，兼属于介词和动词两类，因此有些与法学家称它们为“半动词” 、“副动词”，“汉语中的绝大多数的介词，应该划归动词的范畴，只是入句时，表现了相

19、当于英语介,词的作用“，如“他在家”中的“在”为动词，而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。（包彩霞,2003) 由此可见，英语是“静态”的语言，而汉语则是“动态”的语言。英语的静态修辞实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势优势名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结。“（蒋坚松，2002）因此，在英译汉时常常要变“静”为“动”，摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩。,试翻译以下几个句子，看怎样把英语的静态转化为汉语的动态。 1) He has someone behind him. 有人给他撑腰。 2) He walked around the house with

20、 a gun. 3) A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it. 4) The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her. 5) Party officials worked long hour on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.,6) The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examinati

21、on of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. 7) He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 8) I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.,5.1.5 被动与主动 (passive vs. active) Passives in various forms are frequently used in English mainly due to the following reasons: 1. When the agent of an action

22、 is self-evident or unknown, or it is unnecessary or impossible to mention the agent. e.g. The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. 2. Syntactic factors: for cohesion, balance, end focus, end weight, etc. e.g. I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.,3.

23、Rhetorical factors: for variation, etc, e.g. There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object. The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways. 4. Stylistic factors: more passives in informative writing, notably in the objecti

24、ve, non-personal style of scientific articles, news items, and governmental communications. e.g. The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.,英语被动句的处理方法 1.保留主语，谓语动词可用 “ 被 ” 结构，也可转换为主动语态。 例如： 1） They were defeated by themselves, rather than by their enemies. 2) Ma

25、ny basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust. 2 .用 “ 我们、人们、大家 ” 等表泛指的代词充当译语主语。 例如： 1) The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.,2)After many years, regular mail carriers on horseback were hired. 3 .译成无主句，特别是英语中一些表示观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召的被动句。 例如： 1）Felling trees is forbidden.

26、2) Where can you be reached? 3) Quality mustnt be neglected.,By contrast, active forms, including those in passive sense (notional passive 意义被动式), are often used in Chinese. There are some reasons for the limited use of the Chinese passive forms marked by 被，or 让，给，叫，挨，受，遭，蒙，etc.: 1. The Chinese pass

27、ive form marked by 被 is traditionally felt to be an “inflictive voice” (不幸语态），mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable to the subjective person, as “被捕“，“被杀”，“被剥削”，“被压迫”，,2.The Chinese passive form should generally have an agent after “被”， which restricts the use of the passive form when t

28、he agent is unknown or difficult to mention. Instead, Chinese generally prefers to use active forms；besides, there are many other ways to denote passive sense which is usually expressed in the English passive form. For example: Notional passives (意义被动式）：active in form but passive in sense. Pattern:

29、receptor subject (受事主语）+verb+agent,1）昨晚我盖了两条被子。（不说“被两条被子盖着） Last night, I was covered up with two quilts. 2）困难克服了，问题也解决了。（实际上是“困难被克服了”） The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem has been solved. 3）你想死我们了！（实际上是“被思念着”） We miss you very much. 3.Subjectless or subject-omitted sentences when t

30、he subject is self-evident, unknown or implied in the context.,要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me？ 4.Using generic persons (通称或泛称）as subjects: 人，有人，人们，大家，人家，别人，某人。,众所周知，中国人在两千多年前就发明了指南针。 It is well-known that the compass was invented in China more than two thousand years ago. 1964 年10月，中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，这把基辛格吓了一跳。