论文范文英文版英文论文摘要部分写有什么规范

1、论文范文英文版英文论文摘要部分写有什么规范 1.Background(背景)：介绍论文研究的背景，描述前者研究存在哪些问题，为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。 2.Method(方法)：介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法，需要注意的是：因为摘要字数有限，所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可，不要花太多篇幅介绍。 3.Results(结果)：这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果，如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。 4.Conclusion(结论)：论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。 Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。其目

2、的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文，也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。所以，摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。 是否要写英文摘要，要看论文发表的杂志级别。一般说来，国家级的、省级的、市级的专业杂志发表的论文都需要英文摘要。只不过，市级以下级别的杂志有些混乱，原因是有些杂志为了抬高地位或是其他原因，故意而为。所以，要不要英文摘要，还要以杂志部要求为准。大学生毕业生的毕业论文，则依据学院的要求。 每个学校都有每个学校的要求的，格式问题可以问论文指导老师的，一般来说都是把各级标题按格式设定好，自动生成一个目录。可以找一篇英文范文，一搜就有的，照着人家

3、的来先，然后交上去，论文老师让怎么改，再改 How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third Edition To be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard either. Before you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the pronunciation. To prono

4、unce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and aurate in pronunciation,

5、 you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right track. After mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to aumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc. and expression

6、s like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc. It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school. *Now let me _ you how I learnt English in China. * Speaking: In China, you wont have enough ch

7、ances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you

8、 to consolidate your pronunciation and grammar. Listening: Nowadays it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests

9、 of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words aumulations. Writing: It is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for error

10、s and refine your sentences (e.g. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences). Reading: It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by

11、Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even better. Putting four elements together: I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV

12、, reading books to your writing and speaking. The enhancement of learning es from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad): In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of En

13、glish or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak English. On Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you significantly. You ca

14、n think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the las

15、t 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities: I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, foot

16、ball, dramas, documentaries etc. Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring. *Now, I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General English. It is the time to switch to Your Major in English * Knowing general English on its

17、own is not going to be sufficient for most people. Skills are as important as mastering another language. General English helps people to municate with each other in their lives. Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest, to earn money for your living for

18、the lower. Some people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study, Journalist, History, Education or even a bit more technical like Finance, Business Administration or Economics. It is extremely useful to know more becaus

19、e there are so many words in English and they appear differently to each other. For people whose second language is English, will find it difficult to guess the meaning of a new word. For sure, it is not possible to know everything. Pick a major first and put all your effort on that major, in the en

20、d you will have a rich vocabulary of that field. Difficulties on learning Technical English: To master technical English in your area of study, there are two difficulties to overe. 1, the language, because it is not your first language, you need to remember the terms, knowing how to pronounce it and

21、 spell it. 2, surely you need to understand the terms in a technical fashion. No matter what field, it is going to be the same; the two difficulties above must be conquered. Here I take Physics as an example (note that whatever field you are looking into is going to be similar): The term momentum is

22、 basically the product of the mass of the object and the velocity it travels. Obviously, you need to understand mass and velocity as well. If you understand mass and velocity, then you get the explanation of the term momentum in physics, then you are most likely to understand the word and use it pro

23、perly in the technical world of Physics. From this example, you can see how to understand a technical word in a technical fashion: you need to understand the very fundamental knowledge of a field to be able to understand more plex terminologies or theories. Before learning technical English in your

24、field of study, I have a good remendation to save your time: To understand technical knowledge in your first language (Chinese), then you might not have the second difficulty. What it left to overe is just the first difficulty (the language), hence the effort required is less. I can give you an exam

25、ple of my own: When I was learning chemistry at A-level, I had already learnt inorganic chemistry at the equivalent level in China, so I had no difficulty whatsoever in learning inorganic chemistry in the UK in English. But I had not learnt organic chemistry in China, and I was struggling significan

26、tly in learning organic chemistry in the UK due to dual difficulties. *OK, I have finished talking about how to improve your technical English. Now i will talk about IT (Information Technology), why is this important? Because nowadays it is the information age, you need to know puters, Inter, media

27、and munications etc. Knowing how to use Inter to search information will help your English. * I dont want to waffle too much on this. Computers are more and more important nowadays, everyone wants a puter and most people have their own puters. But most people are not using the right Operating System

28、 for learning English. Now I would like to introduce you to Debian Linux Operating system or a much nicer operating system called Ubuntu Linux. If you still dont have a puter you can buy a Chinas home grown puter based on a Loongson CPU. It saves your electricity and your time to deal with viruses.

29、Linux will help you to improve your English skills because you need to read some documents and follow the instructions to set up software programs, it also requires you to search the Inter (Google for example) to find the answers to your problems (e.g. installations of software programs) you can rea

30、d about the mands of Linux in the terminal by putting in man , so then you can read it and try to understand the content which will enable you to carry out the right operations. The whole process of Reading, Understanding and deploying will improve your English. When you install, do remember to inst

31、all it as a UK English version. (Note that this IT section is more for people who take Science and Engineering courses) * Final words It is the time to end this long talk on improving English. How good your English will be will heavily depend on how good your first language is. So when you go back t

32、o China for holidays, you should read as much as you can in Chinese because this will also help your English in a greater depth. * Please note that the above is my own experience, it might not apply to you pletely since your learning style could be different. Please take the advice which is right for you. I would regret deeply if my experience damaged your learning or wasted your time. Please look at it sensibly. This is the third edition of “How to improve your English in full detail (my experience)”, I have made some correcti