词汇学复习提纲

1、词汇学复习提纲1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1.1 What is a word(1) a minimal free form of a language(2) a sound unity(3) a unit of meaning(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence1.2 Sound and meaningArbitrary (conventional) relationship between linguistic unit and its reference1.3 Sound a

2、nd formTheoretically sound and form should agree with each other, but actually there are many differences between the two. Reasons: 1 Alphabet from the Romans, where letters do not correspond to each sound 2 Pronunciations changed more rapidly than spelling over the years 3 Early casualness in spell

3、ing 4 Borrowing words are not all assimilated1.4 What is Vocabulary?1.5 Classification of words1.5.1 Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary (classification via use frequency)1.5.2 Content words/notional words and functional words/empty/form words (via notion)1.5.3 Native words and borrowed words

4、(via origin)2 The Development of the English Vocabulary 2.1 A historical overview of the English vocabulary The first major languages were Celtic of Celts, first inhabitant of the British Isles. The second major language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. When the Roman Empire began to crumble, the

5、 Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) came in.2.1.1 Old English (450-1150) Anglo-Saxon Highly-inflected At the end of the 6TH century, Christianity was introduced into Britain. In the 9TH century, there was the invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.2.1.2 Middle English (1150-1500) 1066: th

6、e Norman Conquest 1340-1400: Chaucer Trade with Holland 2.1.3 Modern English (1500-now) Early Modern English (1500-1700): Shakespeare (1564-1616) Printing Renaissance Late Modern English (1500-1700): The industrial revolution and the colonization. Borrowing, word formation. (P32) table of English de

7、velopment2.2 growth of present-day English vocabulary (pp32-33)2.3 Modes of Vocabulary Development creation semantic change borrowing 3 Morphological structure3.1 morphemes 3.2 allomorphs, mono-morphemic words 3.3 types of morphemes Free morpheme: free root Bound rootMorpheme Bound morpheme prefix D

8、erivational Affix suffix Inflectional3.4 root and stem A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It is the part of a word that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A stem can be defined as a form to which

9、affixes of any kind can be added. (cf. Base/root/stem)4 Word Formation I4.1 The most productive means of word formation are affixation, compounding and conversion. Prefixation Affixation (derivation) Suffixation Compounding Word formation Conversion Clipping Shortening Acronymy Blending Back formati

10、on Proper Names 4.2 Affixation Derivation, derivatives What is affixation? (p50) 4.2.1 Prefixation What is prefixation? (p50) Classification of prefixes 4.2.2 Suffixation What is suffixation? (p53) Suffixes mainly change the grammatical function of the stems. Concrete Denominal nouns Abstract 1) Nou

11、n suffixes Deverbal nouns De-adjective nouns Noun and adjective suffixes Denominal suffices 2) Adjective suffixes Deverbal suffixes 3) Adverb suffixes 4) Verb suffixes5 Word Formation II5.1 Compounding What is compounding? (56) Composition, compounds, solid / hyphenated / open 5.1.1 Characteristics

12、of Compounds Phonetic features Semantic features Grammatical features 5.1.2 Formation of Compounds1) Noun compounds2) Adjective compounds3) Verb compounds5.2 Conversion （Also known as functional shift or zero derivation ）. 1) Conversion to nounsa. Verb to nounb. Adjective to noun full conversion & p

13、artial conversionc. Miscellaneous conversion2) Conversion to verbsa. Noun to verbb. Adjective to verbc. Miscellaneous conversion5.3 Blending Blends / portmanteau words1) head + tail2) head + head3) head + word4) word + tail5.4 Clipping1) front clipping2) back clipping3) front and back clipping4) phr

14、ase clipping5.5 Acronymy: Initialisms / Acronyms5.6 Back formation5.7 Words from Proper Names6 Word Meaning6.1 The Meaning of MeaningReference, Concept and Sense6.2 Motivation Onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation & etymological motivation6.3 types of meaning 5.3.1 G

15、rammatical meaning and lexical meaning 5.3.2 Conceptual meaning and associative meaning7 Sense Relations: Polysemy and Homonymy 7.1Polysemy7.1.1 Two approaches to polysemy1. Diachronic approach 2. Synchronic approach7.1.2 Two process of development1. Radiation 2. Concatenation 7.2 Homonymy:1. Perfec

16、t homonyms 2. Homographs 3. Homophones7.2.1. Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling 2. Borrowing 3. Shortening 7.2.2. Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants Homonyms refers to different words which happen to share the same form Polysemants refers to the one and same word which has

17、several distinguishable meanings. 8 Sense Relations: Synonymy and Antonyms8.1 Synonymy8.1.1 Definition of synonyms8.1.2 Types of synonyms8.1.3 Sources of synonyms8.1.4 Discrimination of synonyms8.2 Antonymy8.2.1 Types of Antonyms1. Contradictory terms2. Contrary terms3. Relative terms8.2.2 Some of t

18、he characteristics of Antonyms.8.2.3 The use of Antonyms9 Sense Relations: Hyponymy and Semantic Field9.1 Hyponymy: relationship between specific and general lexical items, the former included in the latter Hypernym: the general item (olso known as superordinate term, or the upper term) Hoponym: the

19、 specific item (also known as subordinate term, or the lower term)9.2 Semantic Field: fields or areas within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways Word frequency in one field varies. Words of the same field are joined together by one common semantic feature. Words of the same

20、 field tend to have a number of collocations in common.10 Changes in word meaning 10.1 Types of changes Extension; narrowing; degradation; elevation; transfer10.1.1 Extension is also known as generalization. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become ge

21、neralized.10.1.2 Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening in meaning.10.1.3 Elevation / amelioration10.1.4 Degradation / pejoration10.2 Causes of Changes10.2.1. Linguistic factors10.2.2 Extra-linguistic factors1. Historical reason 2. Class reason 3. Psychological

22、 reason 4. linguistic factor11 Meaning and Context11.1. Types of Context Narrow sense - the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears (Linguistic context) a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book Broad sense -physical situation included as well (Non-linguistic or extra-linguisti

23、c context)11.1.1. Extra-linguistic context (pp.161-163)11.1.2. Linguistic context: a. lexical context b. grammatical context11.2. The role of context: 1. Elimination of ambiguity 2. Indication of referents 3. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning 12 English Idioms12.1. Characteristics of Idi

24、omsa. semantic unity b. structural stability12.2. Classification of Idioms 1. Idioms Nominal in Nature 2. Idioms Adjective in Nature 3. Idioms Verbal in Nature 4. Idioms Adverbial in Nature 5. Sentence Idioms / proverbs12.3. Use of Idioms9.3.1. Stylistic featuresColloquialisms / Slang / Literary exp

25、ressions12.3.2. Rhetorical Features Phonetic manipulation: Alliteration / Rhyme / Reiteration Lexical manipulation: Repetition / Juxtaposition ( of antonyms) Figures of speecha. Simile b. Metaphor c. Metonymyd. Synecdoche e. Personification f. Euphemism12.3.3. Variations of idiomsReplacement / Addit

26、ion or deletion / Position-shifting / Shortening / Dismembering词汇学考试题型举例说明I Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)从ABCD四个选项中选出最好的答案II Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)根