南美洲人文地理特征.ppt

1、第一节 南美洲人文地理特征,一、区域特征 1、名称 南亚美利加洲，简称南美洲(South America)。2、位置 位于西半球的南部，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北滨加勒比海，南隔德雷克海峡与南极洲相望。一般以巴拿马运河为界同北美洲相分。,3、范围 大陆东至布朗库角（西经3446，南纬709），南至弗罗厄德角（西经7118，南纬5354），西至帕里尼亚斯角（西经8120，南纬441），北至加伊纳斯角（西经7140，北纬1228）。,3、面积 约1 797万平方千米（包括附近岛屿），约占世界陆地总面积的12。 地理区域：从地理区域上划分为：南美北部诸国，包括圭亚那、苏里南、法属圭亚那、委内瑞拉和哥

2、伦比亚。安第斯山地中段诸国，包括厄瓜多尔、秘鲁、玻利维亚。南美南部诸国，包括智利、阿根廷、乌拉圭、巴拉圭。南美东部国家巴西，面积约占大陆总面积的一半。,4、居民人口 32 500万，约占世界总人口的5.6。人口分布不平衡，西北部和东部沿海一带人口稠密，广大的亚马孙平原是世界人口密度最小的地区之一，每平方千米不到一人。人口分布的另一特点是人口高度集中在少数大城市。,The population accounts for 375 million. By 2030, it would reach 484. The growth rate (1,2%) is decreasing. Only four

3、 nations exceed 30 million (Brazil: 174, Colombia: 43, Argentina 39).,People concentrate in towns: In 2000, 77.2 % lived in urban areas. Sao Paulo (17.9 million), Buenos Aires (12 million), Rio de Janeiro (10.6 million) are the main towns. Outside the cities, the population density is very low, with

4、 large spaces uninhabited.,5、民族 南美洲民族成分比较复杂，有印第安人、白人、黑人及各种不同的混血型，以印欧混血型最多。在近3亿人口中，白人最多，其次是印欧混血型和印第安人，黑人最少。,6、语言 印第安人用印第安语，巴西的官方语言为葡萄牙语，法属圭亚那官方语言为法语，圭亚那官方语言为英语，苏里南官方语言为荷兰语，其它国家均以西班牙语为官方语言。,7、宗教 居民绝大多数信天主教，少数信基督教。,二、社会不平等 1-Racial inequalitiesAccording to this marxist speech, many people in Europe bel

5、ieve that South America is inhabited by a large majority of poor indians and black dominated by some white landlords. In fact, Indians and blacks only form a small minority compared to the white and mestizo.,Categories- Million- %Europeans descent (White)-195- 55%Mestizo- 125- 35%Native indians- 21-

6、6%Blacks-15-4%Total- 353- 100%,All the southern cone of South America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Southern Brazil) has primarily European populations (95%). Most of the mestizo live notably in Brazil and Colombia. Native indians only represent a majority in two countries (Bolivia and Peru). Blacks a

7、re scattered in the North of the continent (Mainly North Brazil: About ten million). In countries with ethnic diversity such as Brazil, it is quite difficult to distinguish a mestizo from a white (Same habits and dressing, same religion, same behaviors). A common identity relies on religion and lang

8、uage. It means that there is no ground for race inequalities.,On the other hand, natives indians keep a strong identity. It is currently said that they endure some discriminations. This fact calls for a balanced judgment. In French Guyana ( a French department just like Normandy) there are yet some

9、tribes living in the rain forest. For their preservation, it is absolutely forbidden to travel in a region as large as one third of the department. Why? Because through contact with Europeans, these indians could catch some virus harmless for us but lethal for them since they have not developed immu

10、ne protections.,As you can see, the problem is more complicated than the scholars say. For indians, to live apart can be a vital issue. Its not only a matter of discrimination and inequalities. For example, the fast disappearing of indians in Brazil (Only 700,000 on a population of 174 million) main

11、ly results of diseases due to their contacts with the seringueros.,2-Social inequalities Poverty and inequalities are a common motto in any description of the economy of South America. It is commonly said that a third of its population is living in shanty towns and that inequalities are the most ext

12、reme in the world. These asserts call for a balanced judgment.,Firstly, in visiting favallas (shanty towns) I observed that people have often TV set, radio appliances, refrigerators and so on. Moreover, people live constantly outside and their housing is adapted to the climate condition. Secondly, a

13、 large part of their poor budgets is devoted to dressing, sports articles, disks musics and so on. Thirdly, these people are constantly smiling and singing. They enjoy a high degree of conviviality that does not exist any more in Europe. They look more happy than our middle class. In short, I mean t

14、hat you cannot judge poverty by comparison with our conditions (climate, habits, tastes) in Europe.,As for the inequalities, they usually rise with the economic development: Lets us suppose two persons: A earning 100 and B 1000: Their difference is 900. Now apply a growth rate of 10%: A earns 110 an

15、d B 1100. As a result the difference is now 990! Moreover, inequalities allow savings and investments. So all these speeches about poverty and inequalities must be relativized.,3-Land inequalitiesThousands scholars have written tons of surveys and books about this topic in Europe and America. It is

16、well known that there are huge inequalities in the distribution of land. For example in Argentina, 2.5 % of the total ranches (Estancias) cover two thirds of the cultivable land. Marxists repeat at large these figures opposing the land lords to the poor peasants.,In fact, with the economic progress

17、the value of the land sharply diminishes and the decline of the agricultural economy is constant: Today, only 20% of the population is rural, and 10% of the national product comes from agriculture. It means that most of the former poor farmers have already moved to get jobs in towns. Of course, it i

18、s a progress since its better to get a good salary in industry rather than to exploit a small agricultural plot in the pampas!,However, an agrarian(有关土地的) issue only exists in the Andean countries. In this region the weight of the rural sector is above the South American average (Bolivia:44%, Ecuado

19、r: 29% and Peru: 33%). This situation is connected to the presence of native indians who cannot move towards the towns for the reasons exposed above. In fact, these countries have already abolished the large estates and distributed the land among the peasants. Of course, as in other countries where

20、land reforms have been established, this policy did not improve the output because this small peasant agriculture cannot be profitable.,It means that all these speeches about land inequalities are just out dated stories. Presently, the South American agriculture relies on large agri business replaci

21、ng former latifundia and exploiting the potential of these big spaces: biogenetic diversity ( pharmaceutical industries), as well as livestock, oil, and mining resources.,三、经济发展格局 南美洲各国经济发展水平和经济实力相差悬殊。巴西和阿根廷为经济最为发达的国家，加之委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、智利和秘鲁，六国国内生产总值占全洲的以上。各国现代代经济都高度集中在少数大城市或沿海地区，山区和边远地区经济落后。,第二次世界大战后，南美洲

22、经济发展很快，经济结构发生显著变化。但各国经济水平和经济实力相距甚远。巴西、阿根廷已建立了比较完备的国民经济体系，两国国内生产总值约占全洲23。委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、智利、秘鲁经济也较发达。,In 1990, the global GDP of the 12 countries accounted for 778 $Billion. It increased to 1,235 Billion in 1999 (GNI). It was quite a success story. Then, it fell and only attained 1,089 Billion in 2004! Of

23、course erratic moves of currencies partly explain this situation but the region ( And notably Argentina) really endured a depression. The next drawing shows the evolution of the main economies over the five last years ( In yearly growth rate ):,Years- - 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004 Brazil -4%-1%-2%-

24、1%-5%Argentina -1%-4%-11%- 9%-9%Venezuela -4%- 3%-9%- -8%-1%Colombia- 3%- 1%- 2%- 4%-4%Chile- 4%- 3%- 2%- 3%-6%Peru-3%- 0%-5%- 4%-5%,In Argentina, according to official government statistics, about 5.2 million people belonging to the middle class sank below the poverty line between October 2001 and

25、May 2002. A growth recovery happened in 2004 but did not compensate the heavy losses of the previous years. In accordance with these figures, and taking in account the present political uncertainties (Chavez) , we may only forecast a yearly growth rate of 2.5% on average over 26 years. As a result,

26、the Global GNI would reach 2,071 $Billion in 2030. (Brazil: About 1,190 in 2030).,四、产业发展格局 1、工矿业 工业以采矿业和制造业最为重要。采矿业是南美各国的基础部门，大部分矿产供出口，委内瑞拉、阿根廷、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁等国的石油；巴西、委内瑞拉、智利的铁；玻利维亚的锡、锑；智利、秘鲁的铜；圭亚那、苏里南的铝土；秘鲁的铅、锌、银、铋；智利的硝石、钼；巴西的铌的产量或出口量在世界占据重要地位。轻工业为南美多数国家制造业的主体，肉类加工、制糖、饮料、皮革、纺织、服装等部门较发达。钢铁、汽车、化工、橡胶、电器、机械等重

27、工业集中在巴西、阿根廷、委内瑞拉、智利、秘鲁、哥伦比亚等国家。,2、农业 农业在南美各国经济中具有重要意义。种植业中经济作物占据绝对优势。南美洲是可可、向日葵、菠萝、马铃薯、木薯、巴西橡胶树、烟草、金鸡纳树、玉米、番茄、巴拉圭茶、辣椒等栽培植物的原产地。甘蔗、香蕉、咖啡分别占世界总产量的20-25，其中巴西的咖啡和香蕉产量均居世界第一位；可可、柑橘均占世界总产量的25左右，其中巴西的可可产量居世界第三位；剑麻产量居各洲第二位，主要产在巴西；巴西木薯产量居世界第一位。南美洲向世界提供所需咖啡、香蕉、蔗糖的绝大部分及大量的棉花、可可、剑麻等。东南部阿根廷等国则大量出口肉类和粮食。牛、羊的总头数在世

28、界上占重要地位。沿海盛产鳀鱼、沙丁鱼、鳗鱼、鲈鱼、金枪鱼等，秘鲁和智利为世界著名渔业国。南美洲大部分国家中多数人从事农业生产，但粮食生产仍不足自给，大多数国家需进口粮食。,3、交通交通运输以铁路、公路为主。阿根廷和巴西交通较发达。圭亚那、苏里南、委内瑞拉、乌拉圭、智利等国拥有较稠密的公路网。南美洲公路总长约2 000 000千米，铁路总长约85 000千米，内河通航里程约100 000千米。,拉美模式功过评述,拉美国家在不同的历史时期和不同的经济发展阶段实行了多种经济模式。近年来，巴西等一些拉美国家的反对新自由主义经济政策和全球化的左翼力量代表人物相继在大选中获胜。这在不同程度上反映出拉美人民要求寻求经济可持续发展的新路子和新模式。 在世纪末和世纪初，拉美主要国家在实施初级产品出口型经济发展模式过程中，依靠引进的大量外资，建设港口、铁路和公路等基础设施。外国直接投资在推动和促进拉美经济和社会的发展中发挥了十分重要的作用，使拉美国家融入了世界经济体系。 但是，在经历了世纪年代世界经济危机的严重冲击后，拉美国家逐步改变以初级产品出