写作考试命题分析与预测2

1、写作考试命题分析与预测（2）概述新大学英语教学大纲对大学英语高级阶段写作能力有如下要求：“能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记，回答问题，写提纲和摘要，能在半小时内就一定的话题，提纲，表格或图示写出180-200词的短文，能写报告、评论、发言稿和日常应用文等，内容完整，文理通顺，表达思想清楚。”根据这一要求，国家教育部又限定了大学英语四、六级考试以6分为最低作文分数及格线，给予作文对考试成绩特有的单项否决权。这一规定与要求对本来就惧怕英文写作的考生增加了更大的难度，对应试者的考前准备，特别是心理准备产生了巨大的压力。过去，许多考生曾寄希望于“作文损失，别的补”。现在，这种想法已行不通了。由

2、此可见，英语写作已成为应试者最大的心理负担之一。为了帮助考生克服这一心理负担，找到行之有效的应试方法与技巧，本章集中介绍了短文写作的命题形式与评分标准；常考文体形式与要点；基本写作方式与技巧；范文选读。B 常考文体写作形式与要点大学英语四、六级短文写作中，最常考的文体是议论文和说明文。上面所提及的命题形式有命题写作、情景写作图表写作，议论文和说明文都可以上面三种形式命题。因此，只要考生对常考文体的写作要点掌握了，无论遇到什么形式的命题，都可以从容以对。一、议论文的写作特点从全国历年大学英语四、六级、研究生入学以及托福等考试来看，议论文已成为主要的写作体裁，而且大有“一统天下”的趋势。议论文的主

3、旨是针对现实生活中带有普遍性的种种现象，问题或思潮，进行分析，说理和论证，从而表明作者的立场和观点，赞成什么，反对什么，达到明辨是非，惩恶扬善，弘扬正气，说服读者和教育社会的目的。一篇好的议论文应该是论点鲜明准确，论据充分有力；论证合情合理且逻辑性强，在客观上事实求是，以理服人；在主观上，以情感人。此外，无论以何种手法开头，议论文一般是要在开头交待清楚要议论的主题和作者的基本立场，观点，有时要说明下文的写作重心。议论文通常分为三大部分，其写作要点如下：1.开头段落：引入主题，提出观点(或正面或反面或具体数据)进行议论；进一步阐明主题(或举例或提供相关情况)；使用过渡词，承上启下，表明作者的基本

4、态度或提示下文议论的重心。2.主体段落：详细论述，说清问题，适当举例；进行具体分析和佐证；再进一步分析和佐证；使论据有说服力，不仅说明为什么“是”，而且要说明为什么“不是”，让读者信服你的观点。3.结尾段落：综述上文，得出结论(概括性的总结) 例如：My View on Fake Commodities(1997年12月六级作文真题) 1.假冒伪劣商品的危害。2.怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品?To most Chinese consumers buying fake commodities means nothing but “unluck” that is hard to avoid.While m

5、any undergo such experience every now and then,few realize the need to rethink of it and battle against the falsehood of the fakes.This is disturbing, however,because the fake commodities bring much more than “unluck” to our society.Fake commodities affect our life in many aspects.To begin with,they

6、 may turn outto be a threat to our lives,as is confirmed in the news that a couples dream of owning an electric bathing heater ended up by killing the husband.They also give rise to unfair competition,which in turn throws many original businesses into a commercial panic.And above all,they lead the w

7、hole society to seek dishonesty in making a fortune.Obviously,it is high time that the fake commodities were eliminated from our life.How to do away with them then?The first thing for the government to do is to root out the local protectionism in China.In the meanwhile,fair competition must be enfor

8、ced by law upon all the businesses.In short,only when our society as a whole can resist all temptation of fake commodities will there be no more chance for them to trap any customer.在开头段落，作者直入主题，提出了绝大多数中国消费者在买到假冒伪劣商品时所想到的不是别的；而是难以回避的自认“倒霉”的观点，而这一现象不仅令人担忧而且假冒伪劣商品还会给社会带来远不止所谓的“倒霉”。接着在主体段落中，作者列举了几个非常有说

9、服力的实例进一步证实它们的危害性：1.对生命构成威胁：一对夫妇因使用伪劣商品而致使丈夫死亡。2.导致不正当竞争。3.它们会引导整个社会在致富过程中追求不诚实的做法。最后，在文章的第三段作者提出了杜绝伪劣商品的具体办法：1.从法律上要求公平竞争。2.从我做起，动员全社会共同抵制它们，使它们失去诱骗消费者的任何可乘之机，从而使文章的首尾对应，有理、有节，使人折服。二、说明文的写作特点说明文，顾名思义，是一种阐明事理的文体。写说明文的目的是为了揭示客观事物的原理，或解释某一种抽象概念，或介绍某种经验，或提供自然科学知识和启发性信息。简单地说，说明文的定义就是用简单的文字把事物的形状，性质，特征，成因

10、，关系，功能等解说清楚；把人物的经历，特点等表述明白。1.怎样理解(为什么说)2.试举例说明(例如，又如)出题者往往选择人类社会或特点，文化领域里形成的共识或箴言，或客观真理，或格言(proverb)(如Where there is a will,there is a way.“Knowledge is power”)或某种事理为论说主题；要求考生说明其内容，举例加以解释和概说。三、说明文的写作类别和方法说明文与议论文没有明显的界限划分。如果进行认真分析和比较，就会发现，说明文强调通过阐明事理让读者对所议事物更加明确，而议论文则强调通过分析说理使读者接受自己的观点和主张。说明文的写作类别可分为

11、举例说明(illustration),对比说明(comparison and contrast),分类说明(division and classification),定义说明(definition),知识说明(infomative provision)等。根据目前四、六级写作的趋势，说明文大致可分四种类型：1.举例说明文：为了让读者“明白”事理，或使抽象化概念形象化或具体化，作者往往用较大篇幅进行举例说明，以便使自己所述内容具有真实性和可靠性。2.知识性说明文：此类作文旨在为读者提供未知知识和信息。读者通过阅读此类文章明达事理，知道应该如何去做。3.对比说明文：为了说明某一事物与同类或不同类事

12、物的差别，作者往往采用比较和对比的手法来获取分清事理的写作效果。读者从比较和对比中获得教益。4.定义说明文：旨在给事物的性质和特点下定义。这类作文要求作者具备科学严谨的文风，定义要下得准确合理，文字要精辟到位。说明文通常可采用“三段式”结构进行写作，即第一段：下定义；第二段：展开叙述，说明；第三段：结论。例1(事理说明文)HobbiesA hobby can be almost anything a person likes to do in his spare time.People maypaint pictures,sing pop songs,perform on musical in

13、struments and collect stamps or other things.They may raise flowers,and go fishing or hunting.They may climb mountains,swim,ski,skate,etc.People take up hobbies because these activities offer enjoyment,friendship,knowledge and relaxation.Hobbies not only help both manual and mental workers relax aft

14、er periods of hard work,but offer enjoyable activities to retirees.Anyone,rich or poor,old or young,sick or well,can follow a satisfying hobby.Moreover,hobby can improve a persons mental and physical health.Thats why many hospitals treat patients by having them take up interesting activities instead

15、 of completely relying on medicine.文章的第一段给hobby下定义，第二段说明积极的业余爱好对人的好处及在人们生活中的重要性。第三段，得出结论：人人需要业余爱好。例2(举例说明文)Practice Makes Perfect(1997年1月全国四级作文真题)1.怎样理解“熟能生巧”?2.例如，在英语学习中3.又如Practice makes perfect,just as quantitative change always goes before qualitative one.The more is made of practice,the better

16、harvest is derived from it.This proverb holds true for what is worth practising in our life.In the course of ones English study,for instance,there is so much for him to learn,such as new words,grammar rules and cultural background.It is often a great headache to master a wealth of such stuff.The bes

17、t way he first and foremost takes,however,is to practise and practise as much as possible.He has to read a lot,memorize a lot,speak a lot and write a lot.Only through practice will he be able to perfect himself in English.Another case in point is that of Xu Beihong,who is very famous in the art circlefor his painting.He once attributed his success to his unyielding practice,as he put it this way:To be a successful painter,one needs to make sketches everydaythe more,the bet