英语语言学 第三章.ppt

1、Lecture 3 Lexicon in other words, it deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.,1. Word,1.1 What is word A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.,1.2 Four senses of “word” a. word

2、 is meaningful: b. word is a grammatical unit:,c. word can be used independently: d. word is relatively stable and uninterruptible,1.3 Classification of word,a. Variable vs. invariable words Variable words: words that have series of grammatically different forms.,Eg. Follow follows following followe

3、d,b. Grammatical words vs. lexical words Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns.,Invariable words: words that do not have inflective endings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns.,Lexical words: refer to subst

4、ance, actions and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.,c. Closed-class words vs. open-class words Closed-class words: words that cannot be extended by the creation of additional members. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc are all closed-class words.,Open-class wor

5、ds: words can be extended. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many verbs are all open-class words.,2.word class: wilder range of word class newly introduced word class: (1) particles小品词infinitive marker to, the negative marker not, phrasal verbs, such as get by, do up, look back, etc (2) auxiliaries助动词,(3

6、) pro-form替代形式 you pen is red, so is mine. He knows English better than he does. He hopes he ll win and I hope so too. James hiding there, behind the door. (4) determiners限定词all, both, the, this, one, two, next, last, other, another, much, some,Morphology,1. Defining morphology,1.1 Morphology: the s

7、tudy of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. 1.2 Fields of morphology: the study of inflections (inflectional morphology) and the study of word formation (lexical or derivational morphology).,2. Morpheme,(the minimal unit of meaning),2.1 The definition of morp

8、heme,Morpheme is the smallest meaning-bearing unit. A word may consist of one morpheme or more than one morpheme, while a morpheme may not necessarily represent a word.,e.g. 1 morpheme un-, -ish, -s, -ed 1 morpheme word boy, desire 2 morpheme word boy+ish, desir(e)+able 3 morpheme word boy+ish+ness,

9、 desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 4 morpheme word gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5 morpheme word un+gentle+man+li+ness Over-5-morpheme word anti +dis + establish +ment +ari +an+ ism Industr(y)+ial+i+za+tion,2.2 Types of morphemes,Free morphemes (1) Morphemes Bound morphemes Free morphemes: morphemes

10、which may constitute words by themselves Bound morphemes: morphemes which can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with,All monomorphemic words are free morphemes, e.g. dog, nation, close, mouth, etc. Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called compounds, such as

11、 baby-sit, sunflower, paymaster. In contrast, -s in dogs, -al in national, and dis in dislike, cannot occur alone, they must appear with at least one other morpheme, so they are bound morphemes.,Inflectional morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammati

12、cal categories such as number, tense, degree and case.,(2) Morphemes Derivational morpheme,Inflectional morpheme,E.g. workers, children; walking, walked; biggest ; Johns Derivational morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes , added to existing forms to create new words. There are three kinds according to

13、 position: prefix, suffix and infix.,(3) root, affix and stem Root: the base form of a word e.g internationalism nation is the root,All words contain a root morpheme. a root maybe bound or free, e.g. ceive in receive, perceive and conceive; -mit in remit, permit, commit and submit; -tain in retain,

14、contain, maintain; -cur in incur, occur, etc.,affix: an affix is naturally bound prefix: change meaning dis-; un-; mis- suffix: change part of speech -ly; -ness; -tion,stem: is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. friend in friends, and friendship in

15、friendships are both stems. A stem can be equivalent to a root, and a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.,3 Morpheme and Allomorph,Allomorph to morpheme just as allophone to phoneme. Allomorph: A morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. The variant forms of the same morphe

16、me are called its allomorphs.,dog dogs map maps mouse mice watch watches ox oxen All of above plural forms are all the allomorphs of the morpheme s.,free ones(word) morpheme bound ones bound roots affixes derivational affixes inflectional affixes prefixes suffixes,构词的层级结构,4 word-formation,Major ways

17、 to create new words:,Inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case.,Number: table/tables apple/apples Person, finiteness and aspect: talk/talks/talking/talked Open/opens/opening/opened Cas

18、e: boy/boys John/Johns,Derivation: the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots or words. e.g. finalize widen hospitalize clockwise,Compounding: a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit. blackboard godfather baby-sit cross-cultural,Blending:

19、 a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. e.g. smog (smoke + fog); brunch smaze (smog + haze); telecast (television+ broadcast); motel (motor +hotel),Abbreviation: a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form. e.g. TV (television) Dr (doctor) hr (

20、hour) ft (foot or feet),Acronym: a word created by combining the initial letters of a number of words. e.g. UNESCO APEC Sars laser radar (radio detecting and ranging),Initialism: VOA BBC WTO Back-formation: a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. televi

21、se (from television) donate (from donation) enthuse (from enthusiasm),Borrowing: the taking over of words from other languages,Loanwords: encore, coup detat Loanblend: Chinatown Loanshift: bridge (card game) Loan translation: almighty (from Latin omnipotens),Broadening: tail specific tail of a horse

22、 general tail of any animal Narrowing: meat general food specific edible part of an animal,Coinage (invention): the invention of a new word,Meaning shift: a process in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning. e.g. inn: a small, old hotel or pub well-known,

23、 nice hotel Holiday Inn silly: happy nave, silly Class shift (conversion): Elevation and degradation,Tell the differences and relations among morpheme, affix, stem and root.,Question,1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional m

24、orpheme D. free morpheme 2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _. A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C. is the same as the meaning of a fr

25、ee phrase. D. None of the above.,3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _. A. the first element B. the second element C. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second elements. 4. _ are those that cannot be used independently

26、 but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words 5. _ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. A. Syntax B.Grammar C. Morphology D. Mo

27、rpheme,6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 7. Bound morphemes are those that _. A. have to be used independently B. can not be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morph

28、emes. 8. _ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes,9. _ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 10. “-s” in the word “books” is _. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root,1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 3.