语法--从句.ppt

1、从句,名词从句,定语从句,状语从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,名词从句,引导名词从句的连词:,1、that: 在从句中不作句子成分；引导宾语从句(不含介 词宾语从句)时可以省略（尤其是当主句的主语与从句 的主语一致时或从句的主语为代词时），但有时引导 后置的主语从句时也可以省略（口语中）； 2、what/who(whom)/which/whose：在从句中分别作 主语、宾语、表语或定语，不可以省略； when/where/why/how：在从句中分别作状语，表示 时间、地点、原因及方式，不可以省略；,3、whether (or)/if：意为“是否”，在从句中不 作句子成分，不可

2、以省略； whether (or)可引导主语从句、宾语从句、 表语从句及同位语从句； if 只能引导动词宾语从句；,主 语 从 句,1. That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us. (月球环绕地球转动， 这是我们大家都熟知的。) It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth. 2. When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided. (会议什么时候召开还没有决定。)

3、 It has not yet been decided when,3. Whether she will join us wont make too much difference. (她是否参与我们的活动无关紧要。) It wont make too much difference whether 4. Which way is more effective is still a question. (哪种办法效率更高还是个问题。) It is still a question which way,宾 语 从 句,1. We know (that) a parrot cant really

4、 speak. (我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话。) 2. He wants to tell us what he thinks. (他想告诉 我们他所想的事情。) 3. A little observation will show how the temperature changes. (稍加观察就可以看出温度 是怎么变化的。),4. Up to now we cant say whether/if his theory can stand the test. (到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验) 5. There is disagreement among economists a

5、bout what money is and how money is measured. (什么是货币以及怎样计量货币在经济学家之间存有分歧。),表 语 从 句,One idea is that fish is the best brain food. (有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。) 2. Thats why we decided to put the discussion off. (这就是我们决定推迟讨论的 原因。) 3. It looks as if /though it s going to rain. (看起来好象要下雨。),4. Raw material is what

6、we are badly in need of. (原料才是我们急需的东西。) 5. My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory. (我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长时记忆中的。),同位语从句,I have an idea that parents should monitor the kind of television their children watch.(我有一个想法，父母应检查孩子看电视的内容。) 2. Is there any proof that the food of the plant di

7、ffers from that of animals? (有没有任何证据能说明植物的食物不同于动物 的食物？),3. There is the news that some British customers will visit our company.(有消息说几个英国客户要来我公司参观。) 4. This is still a question whether we will hold a evening party or not.(我们是否会举办晚会，这还是个问题。) 注意：常带同位语从句的名词有fact (事实), news (消息), belief (信仰), doubt (怀疑)

8、, evidence (证据), proof (证明), hope(希望), possibility(可能性), idea(主意), thought(想法)等。,定语从句,限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句,引导定语从句的连接词（关系代词/关系副词）：,1、关系代词： who/whom-指人，在从句中作主语/宾语，作宾语可省略； which-指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略； that-指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略； 不能引导非限制性定语从句，不能接在介词后引导 从句； whose-指人或物，在从句中作定语； which/as(正如)-指代整个主句, 引导非限制性定语从句

9、， 在从句中作主语或宾语； 注意: 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。,2、关系副词： when-修饰表时间的名词，在从句中作时间状语； where-修饰表地点的名词，在从句中作地点状语； why-修饰表原因的名词，在从句中作原因状语； 3、介词 + 关系代词： when at /in /on +which where at /in /on /to + which why for which,There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words. (有许多声音有意义但不是词。) 2. Some peop

10、le who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields. (有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其 他领域常常一无所成。),3. Here is the man (whom/who/that) youre been looking for. (这就是你一直在找的人。) 4. She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken. (她住在门窗已经坏了的房子里。),At the time when I saw him, he was well. (在我看

11、到他的时候，他身体很好。) 2. This is the place where the accident took place last night. (这就是昨晚发生事故 的地方。) Or: This is the place at which 3. This is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan. (这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。) Or: This is the reason for which ,4. There are scientific ways (in which) man solve problems. (有一些人

12、类用来解决问题的 科学方法。) 5. The girl to whom you spoke is my sister. (跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹。) Or: The girl (whom/that) you spoke to is my sister.,非限制性定语从句,1. Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used in the machine-building industry.(钢有许多有用的特性，所以它在机械制造业中得到了广泛的应用。) 2. Mr. Brown, who just came from Brita

13、in yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.(布郎先生昨天刚从英国来，这学期将教我们会计学。),3. She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives. (她准备到海南度寒假，那儿她有一些亲戚。) 4. I have known Mr. Li , whose novels are now very popular with the young. (我认识了李先生，他的小说目前很受年轻人的喜 爱。),非限制性定语从句中 which

14、 /as 都可指代整个主句，但which引导的从句只能放在主句之后，而as引导的从句可放在主句之前、中和后，位子较活。,1. He is very selfish, which his friends know well.(他非常自私，这一点他的朋友都很了解。) 2. The earth is round, which has been proved to be true.(地球是椭圆形的，这一点已得到证实。),1. As our teacher pointed out, that is of benefit to the people.(正如我们老师所指出 的，那对人民是有好处的。) 2.

15、This machine, as might be expected, has stopped operating.(正如所料，这台机器已 停止转动。) 3. He came very early this morning, as (was) usual. (他象往常一样，今天早晨来得很早。),注意：1. I love the city (which/ that) I visited last year.2. I love the city where/ in which I was born.,区别：定语从句或同位语从句 1. He told me the news that they ha

16、d gone to Japan. 2. This is the news that he told me yesterday.,只能使用 that 情况：,1、先行词(被修饰的名词) 前的定语为序数词或形容词最高 级时； 1) The first thing (that) we should do is to work out a plan. (我们应当做的第一件事是订个计划。) 2) This is one of the most exciting football games (that) I have ever seen. (这是我所看过的足球赛中最激烈的一场。),2、先行词为 all,

17、 everything, nothing, something, anything, little 等不定代词时； 1) Is there anything (that) I can do for you? (有什么 事我可以帮你做吗？) 2) He told me something (that) I had never heard of. (他告诉我一些我过去闻所未闻的事情。) 3) Thats all (that) I know. (我知道的就这些。),状语从句,状语从句按其意义可分为 时间、地点、原因、目的、 结果、条件、比较、方式、让步 等类别。,I. 常用连词: when (当时侯

18、, 就在这时) whenever (在任何时候) as (当时候, 一边一边,随着 ) while (正当时;在期间) before (在以前) after (在之后) since (自从以来) once (一旦) until (直到) by the time (到时) as soon as (一就) hardly/scarcely(had + S. done) when(一就) no sooner (had + S. done) than (一就),1、时间状语从句,Come and see me whenever you want to. (任何时候想来就来看看我。) 2）As he wa

19、s making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon. (当他在做实验时,他观察到这个物理现象。) 3) You havent changed much since we met last year. (自从去年我们见面以来, 你变化不大。) 4) I was just getting into the bath when the telephone rang. (我正要洗澡,电话响了。),II. 由名词和副词充当的连词: the moment /minute / instant(that) (一) the first /

20、last / next time (第一次/最后一次/下次)every /each time (每次,每当)instantly /directly / immediately (立刻就 , 马上就),1）Every time I went to his house, he was out. (我每次去他家时,他总不在。) 2）I realized her the instant (that) I saw her. (我一眼就认出是她。) 3）I started the very moment I got your message. (我一接到你的口信就动身了。) 4）I went home d

21、irectly I had finished work. (我一干完活就回家了。) 5）I came immediately I heard the news. (一听到这个消息，我马上就来了。) 6）The fist time I saw her, she was still a little girl. (我第一次见到她时，她还是个小女孩。),2、条件状语从句,常用连词： If (如果), unless (除非,若不) suppose /supposing (假设) provided /providing (that) (假若) on condition (that)(如果) as/so

22、long as (只要) in case (如果),I shall return on Thursday unless something unexpected happens. (除非发生以外情况,否则我星期四回来。) 2）Suppose /Supposing we cant get the necessary data, what shall we do? (假如我们弄不到必要的数据,那我们怎么办呢?) 3）Well let you use the room provided/ providing you keep it clean and tidy. (我们可以让你用这个房间, 但你要保

23、持房间整洁。),4) You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 oclock. (只要你保证11点以前回来， 你就可以出去。) 5) Send me a message in case you have any difficulty. (万一有什么困难，请给我捎个信。) 6) Ill lend you my computer on condition (that) you keep it in good shape. (如果你能保持我的计算机的良好状态，我 就可以借给你用。),3、地点状语从句,常用连词: where(

24、哪里，在地方), wherever(无论什么地方);,1) Wherever you go, you will see great changes that have taken place in that city. (不管你走到哪里,你都会看到那座城市发生的巨大变化。) 2) My home town lies where the two rivers meet. (我的故乡位于那两条河汇合的地方。) 3) Sit where you like.(你想坐在哪里就坐在哪里。) 4) Ill go where my parents live for the holiday. (我要到我父母度假

25、住的地方去。) 5) After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. (战后,在曾经是个剧院的地方建起了一幢新校楼。）,4、比较状语从句,常用连词： asas (像一样), not so/asas (不像一样) than (比更), thethe (愈愈) asso (正如那样),much, still, a little, a bit 等词语可用来 放在形容词或副词比较级的前面起修饰作用，表示程度。,1) He worked as fast as a skilled wo

26、rker. (他干得像熟练工人一样地快。) 2) The project was completed earlier than we had expected.(这项工作完成得比我们预计的要早。) 3) She didnt work so/as hard as her sister. (她工作不象她姐姐那么努力。) 4) The more you practice, the more you know. (练习愈多，知道的愈多) 5) Just as the French love their wine, so the English love their beer. (正如法国人喜欢喝葡萄酒

27、，英国人爱喝啤酒。),5、原因状语从句,常用连词： because(因为), as(由于), since(既然，由于), not thatbut that (不是因为 而是因为), in that (因为) 书面 now that(既然), seeing that (因为), considering that (鉴于), etc.,She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed. (因为汽车时刻表变了，她没有赶上汽车。) 2) As the weather was fine, we decided to climb t

28、he mountain. (因为天气很好，我们决定爬山。) Now that all are present, lets start the discussion. (既然全都到场了，我们就开始讨论。) 4) He felt a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health. (他有些着急，不是因为他的学生不努力，而是因为他们不太注意身体健康。),6、目的状语从句,常用连词: that (为了，以便), so that (为了，以便),

29、in order that (为了，以便), lest (以免，以防), for fear that (生怕), in case（万一）etc.,1) They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time. (他们很早就出发了，以便及时赶到车站。) 2) We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in time. (这封信我们航空邮寄，以便他们能及时收到。),3) We must hurry off lest we (sh

30、ould) miss the bus. (我们得马上走了，以免赶不上汽车。) 4) Lets take the front seats so that we can see more clearly. (我们坐前排吧，这样可以看得清楚些。),7、结果状语从句,常用连词: that (结果，以致) so that (结果，以致) sothat (如此以致) suchthat (这样的以致),1) The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out. (这道题这么复杂,我们要用很多时间才能解决.)

31、2) The weather was bad for some weeks, so that progress with the building of the power station slowed down.(一连好几个星期天气都很恶劣, 因此发电站的 建设进度放慢了.),The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it. (飞机飞行高度这么高,以致我们几乎看不到它。) His father gave him so many toys that he couldnt play with

32、them all. (他父亲给了他那么多玩具,他都玩不过来。）,8、方式状语从句,常用连词： (just) as (像，如同) as if /though (似乎，好象) the way (that) (以的方式),Please state the facts as they are. (请如实地陈述事实。) 2) Just do as I am doing.(就照我这样做。) I remember the whole thing as if /though it happened yesterday. (整个事情我都记得，就像昨天才发生的一样。),9、让步状语从句,常用连词： although/though (虽然) as (尽管，虽然)