【名师特编 阅读理解技巧篇】2014高考二轮阅读理解——专题 意义猜测题（88张ppt）.ppt

1、第一篇专题复习,阅读理解 第四节阅读理解之意义猜测题,.每日经典谚语和句型背诵与仿写 1Out of difficulties makes a miracle. 排除万难就会有奇迹出现！ 2As far as.(sb.)is concerned，.就而言， As far as I am concerned, nothing is important than honest.,活学活用,仿照上述句型，翻译下列句子。 (1)对他来说，什么也比不上学好英语重要。 _ (2)就我而言，保护环境就是保护地球。 _,As far as hes concerned, nothing is as import

2、ant as learning English well.,As far as I am concerned，protecting environment is protecting our earth.,.阅读理解之意义猜测题 根据语境猜测生词或短语的意思，或者推断熟词生义，是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能，因此，意义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。题干中通常含有mean, refer to或者be replaced by等。,考查方式 1同义法。 常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以

3、推测。 2反义法。 如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。,3释义法。 对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。 4情景推断法、代词替代法等。 5此类题的提问形式一般有： (1)The word “ABC” in the passage probably means_.,(2)The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means_. (3)Which of the following is closes

4、t in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph? (4)The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means_.,(5)The word “it(them)”in the first paragraph refers to_. (6)Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to “.”？,解题技巧 1文中找线索或信息词。 2根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词的意思。 3根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切的意思。 注

5、意事项 考题中若要求我们猜测熟悉词语的意思， 我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的特殊意思， 那些常规含义的选项不是要选择的正确答案。,猜词技巧点拨 解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文(也就是人们常说的语境)来推测其意思。以下是可供参考的几个小技巧： 1根据近义词关系。 一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。作者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释另一个更难的词，,以便使它的文字意思更清楚，近义词往往出现在同一句或者同一段落中。 At the beginning they did not have enough capital to st

6、art a business, nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.(),解析：根据 nor结构后的money，bank 可以推测capital 在这里不是指首都而是指“资金”。 答案：资金,2根据反义词关系。 作者常常用反义词来使文章更具表现力，我们可以利用反义词作为线索去猜句中出现的生词的意思。一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如： (1)He is so homely，not at all as h

7、andsome as his brother.(),解析：根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即“不英俊的、不漂亮的”意思。 答案：不英俊的、不漂亮的,(2)Metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled.(),解析：从句子结构看，expand与contract相对应，when heated与when cooled相对应。因为加热与使冷却是相反的动作，那么expand与contract也应该是相反的。 答案：缩小,3根据同位或解释关系。 当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会用另外一种方式陈述自

8、己的观点。 此时，可以通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。常见的用来表示同位或解释关系的词或短语有：is，means，or.( 即，或者,说)；that is(也就是说)；that is to say(也就是说)；in other words(换句话说)；to put it another way(换句话 说)；be called；., which；., where；.is/are known as (被称为)；.can be defined as(可被定义为)等。如： (1)But sometimes, no rain fall

9、s for a long, long time.Then there is a dry period, or drought.(),解析：从此句的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought的意思为“久旱”，“旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义语。 答案：久旱，旱灾,(2)It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is , it will break easily.,解析：从后面的that is解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆的”意思。 答案：“脆的”,4根据转折或对

10、比关系：由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义或者通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词。如： She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.(),答案：准时。but 一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节课上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。,5根据因果关系。 根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果，也可由果推因。通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才

11、能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。如： (1)You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.(),解析：通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。 答案：责备,(2)The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. S

12、o the player could never play the sport again.(),解析：从so后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。 答案：永远的，永久的,6根据列举的实例。 根据such as, for example等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。 Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes(),解析：根据such as后面列举的内容可知devices应该为“装置”的意思。 答案：装置,7

13、根据并列同类关系。 一般说来，并列的几个事物应属同类事物， 由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。如： Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.(),解析：假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。 答案：菠萝和椰子,8根据描述猜词。 描述即作者为帮助

14、读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。如： The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.,解析：从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类(企鹅)。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。 答案：企鹅,(2011年高考)Can dogs and cats live

15、 in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight.A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study，if the cat is adopted before the dog，and if they are introduced when still,典型例析,A

16、词义猜测题,young (less than 6 months for cats，a year for dogs)，it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Twothirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog. 31The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. Aearl

17、y Bsweetly Cquickly Dsmoothly,解析：意义猜测题。第一句提出问题“猫狗能否同屋和谐相处？”，第二句讲人们“担心猫狗打架”，第三句说最新的研究发现成功解决猫狗打架的“新秘方(a new recipe of success)”，接下来就应是“秘方”了，即swimmingly所在句便是讲发现的“秘方”，本句前面是条件，有了这些条件(即“秘方”)，两者就会“相处好”了；再由本句后面一句中的a positive relationship between their cat and dog可以进一步确定猫狗“相处得好”，故选D。 答案：D,(2012年高考)“Have a ni

18、ce day. Next!” This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out the door. The words come out in the same tone (腔调)with a fixed procedure. They are spoken at me, not to me. Obviously, the concern for my day and everyone elses is the man

19、agements attempt to increase business.,27What does the underlined sentence in the Paragraph mean？() AThe salesgirl is rude. BThe salesgirl is bored. CThe salesgirl cares about me. DThe salesgirl says the words as a routine.,解析：意义猜测题。由该段最后一句“Obviously, the concern for my day and everyone elses is the

20、 managements attempt to increase business.”可知。此外，此题也可以通过分析其它三个选项得出答案，A，B，C三个选项文章均未提及，属于无中生有。 答案：D,(2012年高考)Well, at last we have copper bottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding. The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do

21、better at school at age 5, 7, 11 and 14, than babies fed according to the clock. By the age of 8, their IQ(智商)scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable. This research comes from,Oxford and Essex University using a sample (样本)of 10,419 children born in the early 1990

22、s, taking account of parental education, family income, a childs sex and age, the mothers health and feeding style. These results dont surprise me. Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels.,I hope this researc

23、h will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feeding practices. 33The word copperbottomed in the passage closest in meaning to _. Abasic Breliable Csurprising Dinteresting,解析：意义猜测题。由试验结果的具体描述可知。另外，也可代入四个选项的意思，A为“基本的”，B为“可靠的”，C为“令人惊讶的”，D为“有趣的”，只有B最适合。 答案：B,(2013年高考)Using a web camera equipped

24、in Jennifers Los Angeles apartment, the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room. Her Internet access was locked remotely to prevent Internet searches, and her typing style was analyzed to ma

25、ke sure she was who she said she was. Did she enter her student number at the same speed as she had in the past? Or was she slowing down?,In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. 42. The underlined expression cu

26、tting edge in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_. Aadvanced techique Bsharpening tool Ceffective rule Ddividing line,解析：词义推断题。由第一段的具体描述来看，这是防止作弊的先进技术，选A项。其他选项“磨锐刀具”、“有效的规则”和“分界线”都不合语境。 答案：A,B指代判断题 一般说来，代词的指代内容大多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。,H

27、ere lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (评论家)Edie Jarolim. “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.” The underlined word “both” refers to_. Atraveling and working Bwriting and shopping,解析：判断指代题，由

28、前一分句“I always loved traveling and always liked to eat”可知。 答案：C,Ctraveling and eating Dwriting and eating,(2013年高考)However，to succeed in life，one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And，in addition to that，in order to generally good at something，one needs to spend at

29、least 10,000 hours studying and practicing. To become great at certain things，itll require even more time，time that most people wont put in.,32The underlined word “that” refers to_. Abeing good at something Bsetting a practical goal Cputting in more time Dsucceeding in life,解析：代词指代题。代词是意义衔接的手段之一，此处的

30、代词that替代前句中的set a goal and then gradually make it more practical，故选B。 答案：B,1We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the fight or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around th

31、eir fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that ten dollar grand prize, each and every one of us. Im going to spend mine on candies，one hopeful would announce，while another practiced looking serious, wise and rich.,The underlined phrase probably means_. Aformed an id

32、ea for Bmade an outline for Cmade some space for Dchose some colors for,解析：意义猜测题。根据对比关系和近义推测，上下句是Some.Other.句式，“while we conjured up our designs”的对应部分是while deep in thought，可见conjured up的意思是“思考，想象”，故选A。 答案：A,2Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends.Sometimes, wh

33、en Mr.Ballmer and his 16yearold daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager. “I would never have said to my mom, Hey, the new,Weezer album (威瑟乐团的专辑)is r

34、eally great.How do you like it? ” says Ballmer.“There was just a complete gap in taste.” Music was not the only gulf.From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.Today, the generation gap has not di

35、sappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families.,The underlined word “gulf ” in Para.3 most probably means_. Ainterest Bdistance Cdifference Dseparation,解析：意义猜测题。据近义或反义推测，因 “Music was not the only gulf ”与上段末句是递进关系， 可见gulf与gap是近义关系； 这里是回忆过去与现在(文章首段)的对比， 可见这里的gulf与文章首段首句中的alike和same是反义关系， 因此， gul

36、f的意思是“差异(difference)”。 答案：C,3Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes.They see the 1960s as a turning point.Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有发言权) “My parents were o

37、n the before side of that change, but todays parents, the 40yearolds, were on the after side, ” explains Mr.Ballmer.,By saying “todays parents, the 40yearolds, were on the after side.” the author means that todays parents_. Afollow the trend of the change Bcan set a limit to the change Cfail to take

38、 the change seriously Dhave little difficulty adjusting to the change,解析：意义猜测。据上文推断，结合上一段可知， todays parents就是60年代后的父母，他们与孩子有更多的交流， 更加民主， 他们应当是“顺应这种变化趋势”的， 故选A。 答案：A,4We have two daughters：Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner. The g

39、uests arrived. I introduced my two daughters to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids. Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and,her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be

40、carrying coats upstairs at her age. I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because shes the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions. But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child.,The underlined expression “make a

41、big to do over” (paragraph 4)means_. Ashow much concern about Bhave a special effect on Clist jobs to be done for Ddo good things for,解析：意义猜测题。据因果关系或近义推测，本句“因为她是似乎更易受到伤害的那一个”“所以我们成年人就对年幼的那个格外关注”，可见答案为A。另外， 由上句中与之近义的“made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and

42、 her smile”也可推出。 答案：A,5Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated. Different from popular

43、 belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?,The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1)roughly means_. Aencouraged Bcompared Cexamined Ddeveloped,解析：意义猜测题。据对比关系和下文解释，

44、由前句“领导艺术不像维生素C一样一口吞下”可知， “领导艺术必须是慢慢培养的”；下段的解释就更为清楚， 特别是“But which do they develop？”中的develop, 非常明显地告诉我们答案是D。 答案：D,6“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves，” he said. Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The wind

45、 starts out by making little ripples(涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ” Taylor said. “Waves are one of natures ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”,The underlined phrase “picking up” (paragraph 2)is closest in mean

46、ing to_. Astarting again Bspeeding up Cgathering Dimproving,解析：据前提条件与结果推测。首先要“聚集(gather)”能量， 然后才能将其发送出去(sending it off)。也可用代入检验排除法：用其他选项代入原句，与后面的sending it off在逻辑上都讲不通。此外，还可从前句中的“get bigger and bigger”得到提示。 答案：C,7When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colo

47、urs turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours_. Aattracted the customers strongly Bhad weak effects on the customers,Ctricked the customers into shopping Dcaused the customers to

48、 lose interest,解析：意义猜测题。据因果关系推测。由“because they made the product look weak and ineffective(因为这些颜色使这种药看起来没有效果)”可知，“这些颜色会使顾客对这样的药失去兴趣”。 答案：D,8Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain.Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach o

49、r when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice.To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ _”,Aalcohol Babsorptio

50、n Cblood Dprocess,解析：判断指代题。由该词前面的“To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process”可知。 答案：D,9.Recycling in the home is very important of course.However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need.We are dealing with the results of that overconsumption in

51、 the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not bring so much material home in the first place. What does the underlined phrase “that overconsumption” refer to?,AUsing too much packaging. BRecycling too many wastes. CMaking more products than necessary. DHaving more material tha

52、n is needed.,解析：判断指代题。据上文推测，由上文的“we already have more material than we need”很易选出D。但我们也可根据构词法来猜测：我们学过动词consume(消费， 消耗), 可知consumption应为其名词形式， 前面加上over (超过)的overconsumption应为“过度消费， 过度消耗”之意， 故选D。 答案：D,10By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, pri

53、nted materials became an important way to promote products and services.The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising.This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchant

54、s. What does the word “This”refer to?,AAdvertising in newspapers. BIncluding pictures in ads. CSelling goods in markets. DWorking with ad agencies.,解析：判断指代题。由本句前面的“newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising”可以推出。 答案：A,11My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my fathe

55、rs knee, his arm in a bandage. He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war.For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart.Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes.He said it was because of the cigarettes.Whichever, he died suddenly in his early

56、50s.,The underlined word “it” refers to the fathers_. Aweak heart Btaking a shore job Cfailure to return to sea Dinjury caused by a torpedo,解析：判断指代题。由本段中的“he had a weak heart”可知， it指weak heart。 答案：A,12Within weeks of the race, Henry Ford formed a new automobile company.In the 1903, a doctor in Detro

57、it bought the first car from the company.That sale was the beginning of Henry Fords dream.Ford said: “I will build a motor car for the great mass of people.” “That sale”refers to_. Athe selling of Ford cars at reduced prices Bthe sale of Model T to the mass of people,Cthe selling of a car to a Detroit doctor Dthe sales target for the Ford Company,解析：判断指代题。由前后句的意义衔接关系可知， “这笔交易”是指前句的“特律的一名医生购买了这个公司的第一辆汽车”。 答案：C,13A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the in