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1、科技文章文体的特点,科技文章文体的特点是:清晰、准确、精练、严密。那么,科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下:,科技英语的特点与翻译, ,一、大量使用名词化结构,当代英语语法(A Grammar of Contemporary English)在论述科技英语时提出,大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实, 而非某一行为。 Carbon dioxide retention is a major restriction to the use
2、 of sedatives,tranquilizers,or narcotics in heart failure. (二氧化碳蓄积是对心力衰竭限制使用镇静、安定或麻醉等药物的主要原因。),The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。,The occurrence of peptic ulcer in some patients with hiatal hernia may necessitate consideration of both diagn
3、osis. 对一些裂孔病患者,出现消化性溃疡时,须考虑两种疾患的诊断。,电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.,二、广泛使用被动语句,根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动语态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态。 应当注意机器的工作温度。 Attention must be pa
4、id to the working temperature of the machine. 而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。,试观察并比较下列短文的主语,We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a c
5、apacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。 这一段短文中各句的主语分别为: Electrical energy Such a device Its ability to store electrical energy It (Capacitance ) 它们都包含了较多的信息,并且处于句首的位置,非常醒目。
6、四个主语完全不同,避免了单调重复,前后连贯,自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。,The infant with eczema must not be vaccinated until his skin has been clear for a year or so,nor should he be exposed to other persons with fresh vac-cinia lesions. The child with eczema should also be protected,as far as possible,from the virus of herpes s
7、implec,He should be immunized in the usual way against diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus and poliomyelitis. Egg-grown vaccines should be avoided in egg-sensitive pa-tients.,医学英语这样大量地运用被动语态,是因为:第一,被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩,医学论著注重客观事实,正需要这种特性;第二,被动结构更能突出要论证、说明的对象,把它放在句子主语的地位,就能吸引人的注意,第三,在很多情况下被动结构比主动结构更简短。,三、非限定动词,如
8、前所述,科技文章要求行文简练,结构紧凑,为此,往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句;使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句;使用不定式短语代替各种从句;介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子,又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。 直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。 A direct current is a current flowing always along the same direction. 热量由地球辐射出来时,使得气流上升。 Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise. A body c
9、an move uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion. 如果没有改变物体运动的原因,那么物体将作匀速直线运动。 Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave. 振动着的物体产生声波,每一次振动产生一个声波。,All therapeutic programmes designed to decrease the cardiac load begin with rest. I
10、n the normal subject,the amount of blood that the heart is called upon to eject is matched,to the. level of metabolic activity,automatically rising and falling with the oxygen consumption. By decreasing the metabolic requirementsvia restricting activity,the work required of the heartis decreased.,四、
11、后置定语,大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种: 1、介词短语 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。 The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. A call for paper is now being issued . 征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。 2、形容词及形容词短语。 该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤 In this factory the only fuel available is coal. In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radia
12、nt energy ,similar in nature to light. 热能在辐射时,转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。,3、副词 The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level. 向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。 4、单个分词,但仍保持较强的动词意义。The results obtained must be checked .获得的结果必须加以校核The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy waste
13、d.产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。 5、定语从句 During construction, problems often arise which require design changes. 在施工过程中,常会出现需要改变设计的问题。,The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them. 分子相互间都存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。 Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes ev
14、ery day to which we pay little attention. (定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。) 我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。 To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission. 制造原子弹,我们必须用铀235,因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。,五、常用句型,科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型,从而形成科技文体区别于其他文
15、体的标志。例如It-that-结构句型;被动态结构句型;结构句型,分词短语结构句型,省略句结构句型等。 显然,润滑好的轴承,比不润滑的轴承容易转动。 It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one . 看来这两个科学分支是相互依存,相互作用的。 It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting .,已经证明,感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。 It has b
16、een proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it. 直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。 It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy. 计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。 Computers may be classified as analog and digital.,The switching time of the n
17、ew-type transistor is shortened three times . 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。(或-缩短为三分之一。) This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here . 人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。 Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light . 电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。 Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5. 如图5所
18、示,微型计算机体积很小。 In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air . 声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。,Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy . 氧与氢比较,重量大约是它的十六倍。 The resistance being very high ,the current in the circuit was low. 由于电阻很大,电路中通过的电流就小。 Ice keeps the same temperature whi
19、le melting . 冰在溶化时,其温度保持不变。 An object, once in motion ,will keep on moving because of its inertia. 物体一旦运动,就会因惯性而持续运动。 All substances ,whether gaseous ,liquid or solid ,are made of atoms . 一切物质,不论是气态、液态,还是固态,都由原子组成。,六、长句,为了表述一个复杂概念,使之逻辑严密,结构紧凑,科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词,以下即是一例。 The efforts that have be
20、en made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations ,and at a later stage to the definite co
21、nclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis. 为了解释光学现象,人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果,最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。,七、复合词与缩略词,大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一,复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合;缩略词趋向于任意构词,例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词,这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如:
22、 full-enclosed 全封闭的(双词合成形容词)feed-back反馈(双词合成名词)work-harden 加工硬化(双词合成词)criss-cross交叉着(双词合成副词)on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的(多词合成形容词)anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹(多词合成名词)radiophotography无线电传真(无连字符复合词)colorimeter色度计(无连字符复合词),maths (mathematics)数学(裁减式缩略词)lab (laboratory)实验室ft (foot/feet)英尺cpd
23、 (compound)化合物FM(frequency modulation)调频(用首字母组成的缩略词)P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星(混成法构成的缩略词),科技文章的特点: 名词化现象;被动语态;非谓语动词,后置定语等,5、介词的翻译,英语中大多数介词含义灵活,一词多义多用。除了一些常用短语已有译法外,大量介词需要从其基本意义出发,联系上下文加以灵活处理。下面简明地介绍几种基本译法。 (1)
24、转译:英语中常用介词来表达动作意义。汉译时,可将介词转译成动词。 在作表语的介词短语中,介词常转译为动词,而连系动词则省略不译。如: This machine is out of repair 这台机器失修了。,在作目的或原因状语的介词短语中,介词有时转译成动词。如:The plane crushed out of control 这架飞机失去控制而坠毁。The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force 通常用E这个字母表示电动力。 在作条件、方式或方法状语的介词短语中,介词有时转译成动词。如:But even the larger m
25、olecules with several hundred atoms are too small to be seen with the best optical microscope 但是,即使有几百个原子的分子也是太小了,用最好的光学显微镜也看不见它们。,介词短语作补足语时,其中介词常转译成动词。如:Heat sets these particles in random motion 热量使这些粒子作随机运动。 (2)增译:增词不是无中生有,而是要根据上下文特别是与介词搭配的动词或形容词的含义加得恰当。有不少情况,句中与介词搭配的动词或形容词不出现,如照原文结构无法把意思表达清楚,甚至易
26、于误解时,这就需要增词。 The engineer was taken ill with consumption It was flour on the lungs, the doctor told him at the time 这个工程师得了肺病、那是由于面粉对肺部的影响,当时医生这样对他说的。(on=effect)因此,熟悉介词与动词或形容词的习惯搭配是增词并正确理解词义的一种重要手段。,(3)分译:介词短语作定语时,往往是定语从句的一种简略形式。介词短语作状语时,有时是状语从句的简略形式。有些介词短语还是并列句的简略形式。因此汉译时,有的可以拆句分译。 译成并列分句。The porou
27、s(多孔)wall acts as a kind of seine(筛子) for separating molecules 多孔壁的作用就象一把筛子,它把不同质量的分子分开。 译成让步分句。With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best 这个设计尽管有种种缺点,仍被认为最佳设计之一。,译成真实或虚拟条件分句。Mans warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind warmth 人
28、的血液是热的,如果得不到一定的热量,人就难以长期在海水中生活。 译成原因分句。We cannot see it clearly for the fog 由于有雾,我们看不清它。The machine is working none the worse for its long service.这部机器并不因使用的时间长而性能变差了。译成目的分句。This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, elect
29、ricity and sound. 为了便于研究起见,通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。,(4)不译:不译或省略是在使译文简练,合乎汉语规范,决不是任意省略某些介词。 表示时间或地点的英语介词,译成汉语如出现在句首,大都不译。如:There are four seasons in a year. 一年有四季。Many water power stations have been built in the country 我国已建成许多水电站。 有些介词如for(为了),from(从),to(对),on(在时)等,可以不译。如:The barometer is a good ins
30、trument for measuring air pressure 气压计是测量气压的好仪器。The air was removed from between the two pipes 两根管子之间的空气已经抽出。,Answers to questions 2 and 3 may be obtained in the laboratory 问题2和3的答案可以在实验室里得到。 Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling大多数物质热胀冷缩。 表示与主语有关的某一方面、范围或内容的介词有时不译,可把介词的宾语译成汉语主语。
31、如:Something has gone wrong with the engine 这台发动机出了毛病。Gold is similar in color to brass 金子的颜色和黄铜相似。Its never occurred to me that bats are really guided by their ears 我从未想到蝙蝠居然是靠耳朵引路的。,不少of介词短语在句中作定语。其中of(的)往往不译。如:The change of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done in motors 电能变为机械能是通过电动机实现
32、的。 (of短语和change在逻辑上有主谓关系,可译成立谓结构。) Some of the properties of cathode(阴极) rays listed below 现将阴极射线的一些特性列举如下。(第一个of短语和some在逻辑上有部分关系,Of不译出。)(5)反译:在不少情况下,有的介词短语如不从反面着笔,译文就不通,这时必须反译。如 beyond, past,against等表示超过某限度的能力或反对.时,其短语有时用反译法。如:,It is past repair 这东西无法修补了。There are some arguments against the possibi
33、lity of life on this planet 有些观点不同意这行星上可能有生物。Radio telescopes have been able to probe space beyond the range of ordinary optical telescopes 射电望远镜已能探测普通光学望远镜达不到的宇宙空间。 off, from等表示地点,距离时,有时有反译法。如:The boat sank off the coast. 这只船在离海岸不远处沉没了。,but,except,besides等表示除去、除外时,有时用反译法。 Copper is the best conduct
34、or but silver铜是仅次于银的最优导体。The molecular formula, C6H14, does not show anything except the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms. 分子式C6H14只用来表示碳原子和氢原子的总数。 from,in等介词短语作补足语时,有时用反译法。如:An iron case will keep the Earths magnetic field away from the compass 铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。 一个词脱离上下文是不能翻译的,没有上下文就没有词义。介词
35、的翻译须根据上下文和词的搭配灵活处理,切忌作对号入座的机械翻译。,英语倍数句型及翻译,英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型、 等, 见圈码)很容易译错其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: 倍数增加 (一) A is n times as great(long,much,)as B.() A is n times greater (longer, more,)than B.() A is n times the size (length, amount,)of B.() 以上三句都应译为
36、;A的大小(长度,数量,)是B的n倍或A比B大(长,多,)n-1倍.,e.g. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than/three times the length of) that one. 这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 二)increase to n times() increase n timesn-fold() increase by n times() increase by a factor of n() 以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 e.g. The product
37、ion of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。 e.g. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986 化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。,e.g. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高了1倍或2倍)。 e.g
38、. The drain voltage(漏电压) has been increased by a factor of four. 漏电压增加了3倍(即增加到原来的4倍)。 三)There is a n-fold increase/growth() 应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: e.g. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. 据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。,(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。() e.g. The effic
39、iency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled 这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: A is as much (large,long,)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,)as B.() 应译为:A比B多(大,长,)1倍。 A is half as much (large, long,)again as B. (= A is one and a half times as much (la
40、rge, 1ong,)as B.)(11) 应译为:A比B多(大,长)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。,倍数减少,一)a is n times as small (light,slow,)as b.(12) a is n times smaller (lighter, slower,) than b.(13) 以上两句均应译为:a的大小(重量,速度,)是b的1/n或a比b小(轻,慢,)(n-1)/n。 e.g. The hydrogen atom is nearly 16 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16
41、)。,(二)decrease n times/n-fold (14) decrease by n times(15) decrease by a factor of n(16) 以上三式均译为:减少到1/n或:减少(n-1)/n。 decrease常被reduce, shorten, goslow down等词替代。 e.g. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。,e.g. The equipment reduced the error probabi
42、lity by a factor of 5. 该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 (三)there is a n-fold decrease/reduction 应译为:减至1/n 或:减少(n一1)/n。(17) 这个句型还有其它一些形式, e.g. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed 发现迅速减少到1/7。 e.g. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。,从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看
43、出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量=句型; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。,被动语态的译法,英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法,对于硕士研究生是极为重要的.在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过“把”或“被
44、”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。 对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:,Case 1,1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。 (1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了 “加以”, “经过”, “用来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。 例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其他问题将简单地加以讨论。,例2.In other words mineral
45、 substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例3.Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: r
46、adiation. 核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词辐射来概括。,Case 2,(2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。 例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。 例2.Television, it is ofte
47、n said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.,人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治科学领域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断 地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。 例3.It is generally accepted tha
48、t the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为,孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。 另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为 It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that 大家知道(众所周知) It will be
49、 said 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾经说,Case 3,(3) 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。 例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。 例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost(expense) of 200 Belgian and Frenc
50、h lives. 大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。,例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes of scientists thought, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程
51、必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。,Case 4,(4) 翻译成汉语的无主句。 例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit of the smoking. 应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸烟上瘾后的可怕后果。 例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat. 通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的对热的敏感程度也极为不同。,另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is su
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