翻译技巧1WordTranslation.ppt

1、Chapter Two,Word Translation,Contents,1. A Comparison of Chinese and English 2.Translation Practice: choose appropriate word meaning and meaning extension,1. A Comparison of Chinese and English,A. the meanings of the word 1. 英语中有些词所表示的意义，在汉语里可以找到完全对应的词来表达。（semantic correspondence） 专用名词、术语和事物名称 。如： T

2、he U.S. State Department 美国国务院 萨斯 SARS（Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome）,2. 英语中有些词与汉语中有些词在词义上只有部分对应。(partly semantic correspondence) 大象、龙 Marriage Gun Uncle Brother morning , etc.,3. 英语中有些词在目前在汉语里还找不到最后确定的对应词来表达。（semantic zero）Examples: overkill过度杀伤力，现又指表示宣传活动等方面不必要的过度行为， plumber特工，又称“管子工”（美国调查政府雇员

3、泄密事件的特工） 文房四宝： the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper) 乌纱帽： an official post,4. 英语：一词多义，各个意义分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组对应。 1. a soft drug 2. soft intelligence 3. soft money 4. soft drink 5. soft fire,1. 毒性较轻的麻醉剂；软性麻醉毒品 2. 非百分之百可靠的，不充分的情报 3. 纸币 4. 软饮料 5. 文火,B. The possible c

4、ollocation of the word词的搭配能力方面：英语的搭配能力比汉语强，如： cut (wheat, finger-nails, cake ) （英译汉时须考虑译文中词的搭配必须符合汉语的习惯 ),C. the word order英、汉语句子中主要成分主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的。定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语中变化较多，所以英汉词序的比较主要指定语、状语位置异同的比较。 1）The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. 对于那些只

5、想毕业后找份工作的学生来说, 压力也一样不小。,2）March is the month God created to show people who dont drink what a hangover is like. 上帝创造三月，目的在于让那些未曾醉过的人体会体会沉醉的感觉。,3）这三个县经历了那场1中国2七十年代3第四次4极为严重的5遍及数省的6自然7灾害。 The three counties underwent the1 fourth4 most serious 5natural 7disaster that plagued several provinces 6in China

6、 2in the 1970s3.,2. Translation Practice-choose appropriate word meaning,What decides word meaning? 1. parts of speech and word meaning 2. context and word meaning 3. collocation and word meaning,The Extension of Word MeaningThe Conversion of Word Types,作业： P23：3. 4. 5. 10. 11 P27：2. 6. 7. 10. 12. 1

7、3,词义的引申,引申法是英汉两种语言中都普遍存在的现象。词义的引申，是根据上下文，不拘于词的字面意义或词典提供的释义，而对词义作必要的调整与变动，揭示词与词之间的内在联系，按照汉语的表达方式译出。,一、含蓄成分的引申,1、含蓄成分的引申 1) She looked up to see Amelia crooking a finger from the half darkness of the hall. “You back ? What is it ?” asked Amelia crossly. 她一抬头，看见爱米利亚站在半明半暗的门厅里弯弯手指叫她过去。“你回来了？什么事？”爱米利亚没好气

8、地问。,2) They both agreed in calling him an “old screw”, which means a “ very stingy” avaricious person. He never gives any money to anybody, they said. 他们两个都说他是“老螺丝钉”，意思是说他吝啬贪婪。他们说他从来不肯白给人家一个子儿。,二、修辞的引申,为了使译文更美，往往根据修辞的需要可以增添一些引申意义。 1）A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as a last re

9、fuge from encroaching technology. 许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方，作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的最后一片世外桃园。,2) For the average consumer, voice-activated devices are a convenience；for the elderly and handicapped, they may become indispensable for a wide variety of chores in the home. 对普通消费者而言，声触发装置能提供方便；对老年人和残废人来说，它可能成为从事各种家庭杂务事不可缺少的

10、帮手。,三、概念大小的引申,词的概念范围并不是固定的，在具体的语言环境下其范围不尽相同，在翻译成汉语的时候要注意概念大小的引申。 1. Tocello, which used to be lonely as a cloud, has recently become an outing from Venice. 托切罗往日犹如一片孤云，冷冷清清，近来却成了威尼斯外围的游览区。 2. The seasons came and went and they revolved around Joshua. 寒来暑往，冬去春来，一年四季在乔殊亚周而复始着。,四、虚实的引申,1、具体概念到抽象笼统的概念 1

11、).How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart ? 评论家和读者之间，也就是理智和情感之间的这种分歧如何解释呢？ 2).Sink or swim, Ill try. 成功与否，我要试一试。,2、抽象笼统到具体 1. His new car made him the envy of every boy in the neighborhood. 他拥有一辆新车，为此他成了邻里男孩们羡慕的对象。 2. My dad has three dependents:

12、my mother, my sister and I. 父亲要养活三口人：母亲、姐姐和我。,五、比喻、惯用语和成语典故的引申,1. He felt like a fish out of water. 他感到很不自在。 2. They have, by this very act, opened Pandoras box. 他们这种做法，种下了各种弊害的祸根。（Pandoras box潘多拉的盒子，意即“万恶之源”）,Conversion of Word Type,1. Conversion into Nouns 2. Conversion into Verbs,一、转译为动词,1名词转译为动词

13、 1）Despite all the improvements, rubber still has a number of limitations. 尽管改进了很多，但合成橡胶仍有一些缺陷（名词improvement转译为动词）,2）High precision implies a high degree of exactness but with no implication as to accuracy. 高精度意味着高度的精确度但并不表明具有准确性。（名词implication转译为动词）,2形容词转译为动词 1）The circuits are connected in paralle

14、l in the interest of a small resistance. 将电路并联是为了减小电阻，(形容词small转译为动词）,2）If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 如果能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢就会具有更大的竞争力。（形容词available转译为动词）,3副词转译为动词 英语中很多副词在古英语中曾是动词。在翻译时常常可以将副

15、词转译成汉语的动词，尤其当它们在原文句子中作表语或状语时。如： 1) The fatigue life test is over. 疲劳寿命试验结束了（副词over转译为动词）,2) If one generator is out of order, the other will produce electricity instead. 如果一台发电机发生故障，另一台便代替它发电。（副词instead转译为动词）,4介词转译为动词 英语中很多介词在古英语中曾是动词，在翻译时也常常可以将介词转译成汉语的动词。如： 1）This type of film develops in twenty mi

16、nutes. 冲洗此类胶片需要20分钟。（介词in转译为动词）,2）An analog computer manipulates data by analog means. 模拟计算机采用模拟方式处理数据。（介词by转译为动词）,二、转译为名词,1. 动词转译为名词 1) Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. 沸点的定义就是蒸气的气压等于大气压时的温度。,2) Black holes act like huge dra

17、ins in the universe. 黑洞的作用像宇宙中巨大的吸管。（动词act转译为名词）,2代词转译为名词 所谓的代词转译为名词，实际上就是将代词所代替的名词翻译出来，我们也可称之为“还原”。如： 1) The radioactivity of the new element is several million times stronger than that of uranium. 这种新元素的放射性比铀的放射性强几百万倍,3形容词转译为名词 1) Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a

18、picture. 电视和无线电的区别在于电视发送和接收的是图像。（形容词different转译为名词）,2) A body that recovers completely and resumes its original dimensions is said to be perfectly elastic. 能完全恢复并复原到原始尺寸的物体称为完全弹性体。（形容词elastic转译为名词）,4副词转译为名词 1) Administrative personnel should be mathematically informed if they are to make wise decision. 管理人员要作出明智的决策，就应该懂得数学。（副词mathematically转译为名词）,2) These parts must be proportionally correct. 这些零件的比例必须准确无误。（副词proportionally转译为名词）,练习1,1.锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 2.地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） 3.粒子每运转一周都从振