中国戏剧与莎士比亚

1、CHINESE DRAMA many new operas on historical and modern themes were written, and earlier operas continued to be performed. In the mid-1950s, for example, it was the first to benefit under the Hundred Flowers Campaign. In early 1980 the play was roundly criticized by Secretary General Hu Yaobang - the

2、 first public intervention in the arts since the Cultural Revolution.,Present,Chinese opera is hardly ever publicly staged in the 21st century, except in formal Chinese opera houses, and during the lunar seventh month Chinese Ghost Festival in Asia as a form of entertainment to the spirits and audie

3、nce. More than thirty famous forms of Chinese opera continue to be performed today,The elements and Structure of Drama,Plot Character Thought Diction Music Spectacle,Plot(情节),the things that happened in the play and the ways in which those incidents connect Any plot of a dramatic work necessary has

4、to do with conflict A play makes a progress from beginning, through middle, to end, or from exposition, through complication, to denouement.,Dramatic terms related to plot,Foreshadowing预示，铺垫 Conflict 戏剧冲突 Rising action 动作上行 Climax 戏剧高潮 Falling action 动作下行 Anticlimax 突降，反高潮 denouement 结局,expositionco

5、mplicationdenouement,exposition(戏剧呈现): it sets the action in time and place and makes us acquainted with the characters; it reveals the situation they are in, initiates the conflict to be developed, and it may introduce foreshadowing to hint at the resolution. All these must be done clearly and quic

6、kly.,complication（深度推进和冲突复杂化）-develops the conflict initiated by the exposition, providing the conflict with its depth and breadth,point of attack 交锋点 the rising action 上行的动作 Climax（turning point，reversal）高潮 Anticlimax 突降，反高潮,denouement（结局）,Ideally the denouement arises logically from the exposition

7、 and complication. Following the climax everything heads downward in falling action. Things fall into place, and the play heads toward the conclusion. Then its all over.,Character: any person appearing in a drama or narrative,Protagonist 主角 Antagonist 反角 Foil 陪衬人物 Stock character/type character类型化人物

8、,The rounded or three dimensional characters who are neither wholly good nor wholly evil, but wholly human are certainly the most convincing and rich characters.,Protagonist-the main character in a dram. This character is usually the most interesting and sympathetic and is the person involved in the

9、 conflict driving the plot. Antagonist-a character or force in conflict with the protagonist. The antagonist is often another character but may also be a intangible force such as nature or society. The dramatic conflict can also take the form of a struggle with the protagonists own character.,Foil-a

10、 character who, through difference or similarity, brings out a particular aspect of another character. Laertes, reacting to the death of his father, acts as a foil for Hamlet. Stock character- a stereotypical character type whose behavior, qualities, or beliefs conforms to familiar dramatic conventi

11、ons.,Thought,Thought refers to the reasoning aspect of drama, thought also concerns a plays theme which summarize the moral and indicated the symbolic meaning of the play as a whole.,Diction,The language of drama must be dynamic. Dialogue in a play must advance the action Discourse in drama must be

12、clear since the language must be immediately understood by the listener. The dialogue must be interesting despite the need for simplicity and economy The diction must be appropriate for the character and the situation Good dialogue in a play must be suited for oral expression,Music,Music refers to a

13、ll of the auditory aspect of a play, including sound effects and the tonal pattern of the spoken word.,Spectacle 戏景,Spectacle refers to all of the visual aspects of productionscenery, lightening, costume, make-up, and the movement of the actor. The current accepted attitude is that the visual aspect

14、s of theatrical production is just to provide the psychological and physical environment and create the atmosphere for the play.,Tang Xianzu,September 24, 1550 July 29, 1616, courtesy name Yireng (義仍), was a Chinese playwright of the Ming Dynasty. Tang was a native of Linchuan, Jiangxi and his caree

15、r as an official consisted principally of low-level positions.,Works,Mu dan ting,Zi Chai ji,The “Four Dreams” inckude : Handanji、Nankeji、Mudanting and Zichaiji.,The Peony Pavilion is a play written by Tang Xianzu in the Ming Dynasty and first performed in 1598 at the Pavilion of Prince Teng. One of

16、Tangs Four Dreams, it has traditionally been performed as a Kunqu opera, but Chuan and Gan opera versions also exist.,The Peony Pavilion,It is the most popular play of the Ming Dynasty, and is the primary showcase of the guimendan All Kun theatre troupes include it in their repertoire. Recent adapta

17、tions have sought to inject new life into one of Chinas classical operas, though such efforts have met with opposition from the Kun opera traditionalists.,This drama eulogizes the young men and women who boldly pursue of free love, firmly opposed to the spirit of the feudal moral。It exposes and crit

18、icizes the cheng and zhu s Neo-Confucianism making the course of nature existent and the desire of human extinct which is hypocritical and cruel. This gives then decline period of feudal society and the cultural despotism a shock.,Theme,Kunqu is also known as Kunju ,Kun opera or Kunqu Opera, is one

19、of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. It evolved from the Kunshan melody and dominated Chinese theatre from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The style originated in the Wu cultural area. It is listed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO since 200

20、1. ItstuneisoneoftheFourGreatCharacteristicMelodiesinChineseopera.,黄梅戏 天仙配,京剧 贵妃醉酒,昆曲 游园惊梦,黄梅戏 女驸马,花鼓戏 刘海砍樵,京剧 霸王别姬,GAME,Western Drama,What IS WESTER5N DRAMA?,Drama,Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action which is derived from

21、 to do. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes(预先假定) collaborative（合作的） modes of production and a collective form of reception.,The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative p

22、roduction and collective reception,The origin of western drama,The Western dramatic tradition has its origins in ancient Greece Greek tragedy, originated in the dithyramb at the Dionysia of 534 BC, the lead singer of the dithyramb, a man named Thespis(泰斯庇斯) , added to the chorus an actor with whom h

23、e carried on a dialogue.,Genres of Drama,Tragedy Comedy Tragicomedy Melodrama Problem play Farce ,In tragedy, the protagonist suffers intensely and perhaps dies, having exhausted all the possibilities of his life. The protagonist in tragedy must be human and cannot be a god. He must also be of a cer

24、tain noble stature. Today, it means an element of human greatness beyond the ordinary. The action in tragedy is serious and important, and is often perception of a great mistake he has made, the protagonist is doomed, and we watch in awe as he moves towards that doom.,Tragedy,Comedy,Comedy is a term

25、 broadly applied to a light, humorous play that ends happily. Comedy is a play that has a happy ending. Comedy often pictures life accurately and with shrewd insight but it does not picture it profoundly. It might show how amusing, how foolish, how illogical, people are but it does not go beyond thi

26、s, and try, as tragedy does, to explain things basic and profound about the nature of man. We should not say that comedy is inferior to tragedy. It is a different genre and each genre has its own value and should be appreciated for what it is.,Tragicomedy 悲喜剧,A type of drama that combines certain el

27、ements of both tragedy and comedy. The plays plot tends to be serious, leading to a terrible catastrophe, until an unexpected turn in events leads to a reversal of circumstance, and the story ends happily. Tragicomedy often employs a romantic, fast-moving plot dealing with love, jealousy, disguises

28、treachery, intrigue and surprise, all moving toward a melodramatic resolution.,Melodrama 情节剧,A suspenseful play filled with situations that just appeal excessively to the audiences emotion. Justice triumphs in a happy ending: the good characters (completely virtuous) are rewarded and the bad charact

29、ers (thoroughly villainous) are punished. Like farce, melodrama pays almost no attention to human values, but its object is to give a thrill instead of a laugh. Often good entertainment, never any literary value.,Problem Play 社会问题剧,Drama of social criticism discusses social, economic, or political p

30、roblems by means of a play. Ibsen is notable writer of problem play.,Farce 滑稽剧，笑剧,When comedy involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without regard for human values, it becomes farce.,Fantasy 幻想剧,A play sometimes, but not always, in comic spirit in which the author gives free reign to his fa

31、ntasy, allowing things to happen without regard to reality.,Tragedy,Problem play,Farce,Tragicomedy,Fantasy,Melodrama,Comedy,All the world is a stage And all the men and women merely players They have their exits and their entrances And one man in his time plays many parts -William Shakespeare,Willia

32、m Shakespeare （26 April 1564 23 April 1616）was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist.,William Shakespeare（1564 - 1616）,Four comedies,The Merchant of Venice A Midsummer Nights Dream As You Like It Tw

33、elfth Night,The Merchant of Venice,Money is important, but in this world there are many things far more important than money, do not be fooled by the surface. In our real lives, you can not because of his superior and discrimination against any person, but also to learn to do color vision to look at

34、 other people; while also as intelligent as Portia, do not be intimidated by unexpected difficulties. Understanding how to face the difficulties.,Four tragedies,Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth,奥赛罗Othello Othello has many themes. These themes include: jealousy、trust and breach of trust、the interraci

35、al marriage and so on。,李尔王king Lear .,我没有路，所以不需要眼睛；当我能够看见的时候，我也会失足颠仆，我们往往因为有所自恃而失之于大意，反不如缺陷却能对我们有益。,I have no way, so dont need eyes ; When I can see, I will fall, and we often careless because of self-reliance ,the defects is more good for us.,麦克白Macbeth Shakespeare described the hero Macbeth becam

36、e into a brutal tyrant to imply conscience was eroded ofAmbition.,Romeo and Juliet,Romeo and Juliet is set in Italy and is about the love between two young people from noble families that are enemies. Romeo and Juliet has always been one of Shakespeares most popular plays. It has been adapted to ope

37、ra, ballet, television productions, and movies,Because this play was written in the 1500s, the English language that it uses is not exactly like the English that is used today. Some of the play is written in poetry.,Language,Form,words,thee-you thou-you art-are thy-your thine=thy-your doth-does oer-over tis-this,Form,Some of the play is written in poetry which rhymes on the ends of the lines. Some of it is prose, which is like norma