Unit 5 views for discussion.ppt

1、Unit Five,Views for discussion,Thomas Carlyle,Scottish-born British historian and essayist who was leading figure in the Victorian era. Carlyles collected works (1974) comprises 30 volumes. In the age which put faith in legislation, Carlyle believed in a leader, a hero, whom people must recognize an

2、d worship. In his famous work ON HEROES AND HERO WORSHIP (1841) his examples ranged from Mohammed to Shakespeare and Dr. Johnson.,“No sadder proof can be given by a man of his own littleness than disbelief in great men. (Heroes and Hero Worship),Calvinism: The religious doctrines of John Calvin, emp

3、hasizing the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by Gods grace alone. 卡尔文主义：约翰卡尔文的宗教教义，强调上帝是万能的，以及仁慈上帝对人的救赎作用,Mark Twain 1835-1910 (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens),American writer, journalist, and humorist, who won a worldwide audience for his stories of youthful adventures of T

4、om Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Sensitive to the sound of language, Twain introduced colloquial speech into American fiction. In Green Hills of Africa, Ernest Hemingway wrote: All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.,Works,Tom Sawyer (1881) The Prince

5、 And The Pauper (1881) 王子与贫儿 Life On The Mississippi (1883) Huckleberry Finn (1884) The Tragedy Of Puddhead Wilson (1884) 傻瓜威尔逊 Personal Recollections Of Joan Of Arc (1885) 格兰特回忆录 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (1889) 在亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬 Following The Equator (1897) 赤道游记,Thorstein Veblen -U.

6、S. economist , His major works: The Theory of Leisure Class,Charles Reich American Writer His book: The Greeting of American,Charles A. Reich, professor of law, associated with Yale University and the University of San Francisco, is best known as the author of The Greening of America. His most recen

7、t book Opposing the System speaks of a system that is running the show-not democracy, not self-government, but a combination of power, using the levers of government under a corporate hegemony, to control our ideas, our research, our culture, whats produced, whats done to whom-all in a major fundame

8、ntal departure from the basis on which America was founded. As a matter of fact, free enterprise and democracy are themselves the object of attack.,C. S. Lewis (1898-1963) British scholar and writer,Mark Twain,衣不蔽体，尔将何如，人将何如？驻而思之，便惊觉：不着衣，一无所是。衣服、不仅使人之所以为人，衣即人也。无衣，人即零，即空，即无所为，亦无所是。 头衔者，换言之，尽人事，亦可谓之衣。

9、蔽其微，壮其貌。然则，观其内在，实无可逾芸芸也。冠冕之尊，可一顾六合，使万民来朝。设若无傍于衣冠，九五亦混迹于走卒。至于尊严，不足道也。 素带一百姓，禽兽抵十千。官带世人重，世人亦惨然。帝王将相，愚公迂侯。凡所衣冠衔位者，世人莫不来称，俯首垂揖。由此，无衣加身，衔不鼎力。 人，生之也谬乎？难道其闲来无事造物乎？难道短自尊乎？小子愚见，于人于己，吾之畏已殆也。 现惟一法门挽狂澜衣也。兴崇升义之衣，弥足珍贵之礼，得善其身之器。衣也误世人，予人以尊严。无此高峨带，枉存天地间。斯衣者，仁慈也，洪恩也，伟岸也，弥也珍也。衣者，能令不名之人，为司晨之君；能令天下侧目，吾亦仰首。思其能，衣衣罢。,Thors

10、tein Veblen,一切阶级在服装上的消费，大部分总是为了外表的体面，而不是为了御寒保暖，这种极其平凡的情况是没有人会否认的。如果我们在服装上没有能达到社会习惯所决定的标准，就会感到局促不安，这种感觉的敏锐程度，大概是没有别的方面的感觉可以比得上的。人们在浪费的消费方面为了力求保持认为适当的那个标准，有时候宁可在享受上或生活必需品方面忍受很大的困苦，这种情形在多数消费项目中都在所难免，但在服装方面表现得格外显著，因此在严寒时节为了力求显得漂亮，宁可穿得单薄些，这已是司空见惯的事。在现代社会；有关服装的各种用品的商业价值所含的绝大部分成分是它的时新性和荣誉性，而不是它对穿衣服的人的身体上的机

11、械效用。服装的需要主要是“高一层的”或精神上的需要。,蔡 受 百 译,Summary of the Views,Dress is the foundation of the society.,The power of human beings lies in his apparel and titles.(The clothes are very important to is, for they are the heavens kindliest gift to man. Clothes can command the respect of the whole world.),People

12、spend a lot of money buying dress to have respectable appearance because the need of dress is often a spiritual one.,The modern trend to dress casually reflects loss of oneness of self or individual wholeness.,People should be dressed up on formal occasions.,Discussion,1 How do you understand that d

13、ress is the foundation of society? Dress is a reflection of popular fashion, fad, taste and ideologies. Dress mirrors the development of science and technology. Dress reflects economic stratification (分层) of society. Dress embodies personalities.,2 Do you think Mark Twain would agree with Thomas Car

14、lyle that dress is the foundation of society? Why or why not? Probably yes, Carlyle believes that society functions on the role of human beings dressed properly. Mark Twain believes that men without clothes are beasts and powerless.,3 What are the differences in views about the roles and functions o

15、f dress among Reich, Lewis and Veblen? Reich: Uniformity and rigid rules for dressing up are an encumbrance (累赘) to modem people who emphasize individualism in dress. Lewis: People should wear formal dress on formal occasions. Veblen: People spend a lot of money on dress to look respectable in appea

16、rance as the need of dress is spiritual and social rather than physical or biological.,Statements on clothes,1. Clothes and manners do not make the man; but when he is made, they greatly improve his appearance. HENRY WARD BEEHER, Proverbs from Plymouth Pulpit 2. Any man may be in good spirits and go

17、od temper when hes well dressed. There ant (are not) much credit in that. 3. Know, first, who you are; and then adorn yourself accordingly. EPICTETUS, discourses, Thomas W. Higginson.,4. Good clothes open all doors. THOMAS FULLER, Gnomologia 5. Fine clothes are good only as they supply the want of o

18、ther means of procuring respect. SAMUEL JOHNSON,6.Costly thy habit as thy purse can by, / But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy. SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet 7. A hat is the difference between wearing clothes and wearing a costume; its the difference between being dressedand being dressed up; its the d

19、ifference between looking adequate and looking your best. MARTHA SLITER Advertising Age. 8. He is only fantastical that is not in fashion. ROBERT BURTON, The Anatomy of Melancholy 9. Theres never a new fashion but its old. CHAUER, “The knights Tale,” The Canterbury Tales,10. Art produces ugly things

20、 which frequently become beautiful with time. Fashion, on the other hand, produces beautiful things which always become ugly with time. JEAN COCTEAU. 11.Ladies of Fashion starve their happiness to feed their vanity, and their love to feed their pride. CHARLES CALEB COLTON. 12. The present fashion is

21、 always handsome. TOMAS FULLER 13. Fashion condemns us to many follies; the greatest is to make oneself its slave. NAPOLEON I.,14.The fashion wears out more apparel than the man. SHARESPEARE, Much Ado about Nothing. 15. Fashions, after all, are only induced epidemics. GEIRGE BERNARD SHAW, “Preface o

22、n Doctors: Fashions and Epidemics,” The Doctors Dilemma.,16. Be not the first by whom the new are tried, /Nor yet the last to lay the old outside. ALEXANDER POPE, An Essay on Criticism. 17. The first thing the first couple did after committing the first sin was to get dressed. Thus Adam and Eve star

23、ted the world of fashion, and styles have been changing ever since. “ Gilding the Lily,” Time, Nov. 8, 1963,18. Fashions smile has given wit to dullness and grace to deformity（畸形）,and has brought everything into vogue(时髦), by turns, but virtue. CHARLES CALEB COLTON, Lacon.,19. Fashion, which elevate

24、s the bad to the level of good, subsequently turns it back on bad and good alike. BRIC BENTLEY 20. Fashion, n. A despot (暴君) whom the wise ridicule and obey. AMBROSE BIERCE, The devils Dictionary,21. It is his personality and character that empower a human being.,Vocabularies,proposition: A plan sug

25、gested for acceptance; a proposal. A statement in which the subject is affirmed or denied by the predicate. 命题 propose v.tr. To put forward for consideration, discussion, or adoption; suggest: 提议 propose a change in the law. 提议修改法律 cipher: The mathematical symbol (0) denoting absence of quantity; ze

26、ro. One having no influence or value A cryptographic system in which units of plain text of regular length, usually letters, are arbitrarily transposed or substituted according to a predetermined code. 密码,vacancy: The condition of being vacant or unoccupied. 空缺：空缺的状态或未占的状态 An empty or unoccupied spa

27、ce. 空的或未被占用的地方 A position, an office, or a place of accommodation that is unfilled or unoccupied. 空缺 Emptiness of mind; inanity. （头脑）空虚；无知 dry-goods: Textiles, clothing, and related articles of trade.Also called soft goods conceal: To keep from being seen, found, observed, or discovered; hide Synony

28、ms: Camouflage cloak cover hide veil Antonyms: disclose reveal,cobbler: n.（名词）One that mends or makes boots and shoes. 修鞋匠 swallow: v. To cause (food or drink, for example) to pass through the mouth and throat into the stomach. 吞咽 To put up with (something unpleasant): 忍受（不快的事）： swallowed the insult

29、s and kept on working. 忍受侮辱继续工作 To refrain from expressing; suppress: 压抑：避免表达：抑制： swallow ones feelings. 压抑情绪 To consume or destroy as if by ingestion; devour: 吞噬：象消化食物一样耗尽或毁灭；吞没： a building that was swallowed up by fire. To take back; retract: 彻回；收回： swallow ones words. 收回前言,multitude: n.（名词） The c

30、ondition or quality of being numerous. 大量：众多的状态或者特性 A very great number. 很大的数目 The masses; the populace: 大众；民众： the concerns of the multitude. 大众焦点,inconsequential: adj.（形容词） Lacking importance. 无关紧要的 Not following from premises or evidence; illogical. 不合理的 n.（名词）A triviality. 无关紧要的事物,potent: adj.（形

31、容词） Possessing inner or physical strength; powerful. Exerting or capable of exerting strong physiological or chemical effects: potent liquor Exerting or capable of exerting strong influence potent arguments. 有说服力的证据 Having great control or authority: 有权势的，有权力的： “The police were potent only so long a

32、s they were feared” (Thomas Burke) “只有当他们害怕时，警察才是有权力的”(托马斯伯克) synonyms: forceful mighty powerful strong antonym: impotent,formidable: adj.（形容词） Arousing fear, dread, or alarm: the formidable prospect of major surgery. Inspiring awe, admiration, or wonder: 不可思议的 “Though a true hero, he was also a tho

33、roughgoing bureaucrat and politician, a formidable combination”(Mario Puzo) “虽然他是一个真正的英雄，但他也是一个十足的官僚和政治家，一个不可思议的混合体”(马里奥普佐) Difficult to undertake, surmount, or defeat: a formidable challenge; a formidable opponent. spontaneous: adj.（形容词） Happening or arising without apparent external cause; self-ge

34、nerated. 自然产生的 Arising from a natural inclination or impulse and not from external incitement or constraint.,admiral: A commissioned rank in the U.S. Navy or Coast Guard that is above vice-admiral and below Admiral of the Fleet. 海军上将 frivolous: adj.（形容词） Unworthy of serious attention; trivial a friv

35、olous novel. 一部无关紧要的小说 Inappropriately silly: 轻率的： a frivolous purchase. 轻率购买的东西,sultan: A ruler of a Moslem country, especially of the former Ottoman Empire. 苏丹 devise: To form, plan, or arrange in the mind; design or contrive patch: To mend, repair, or put together, especially hastily, clumsily, o

36、r poorly: 拼凑 drooping: droop: r.（不及物动词） To bend or hang downward: To bend or sag gradually: flowers drooping in the midday heat. 在正午的炎热中萎垂的花朵 To sag in dejection or exhaustion: 因沮丧或精疲力尽而萎靡： drooped from lack of sleep. 因睡眠不足而萎靡不振,restorative: n.（名词）Something that restores. A medicine or other ag

37、ent that helps to restore health, strength, or consciousness. revive: v.tr.（及物动词） To bring back to life or consciousness; resuscitate. To impart new health, vigor, or spirit to. 使振奋 To restore to use, currency, activity, or notice. 使再生，使重新流行 To restore the validity or effectiveness of. 使恢复效力 To rene

38、w in the mind; recall. 唤醒，唤起 bring back; refresh; regenerate; renew; restore; resurrect; resuscitate; revivify,confer: v.tr.（及物动词） To bestow (an honor, for example): 授予 conferred a medal on the hero; conferred an honorary degree on her. 授予英雄一枚勋章；授予她荣誉学位 To invest with (a characteristic, for example)

39、: 赋予 charitable: adj.（形容词） Generous in giving money or other help to the needy. 施舍慷慨的，慈善的 Mild or tolerant in judging others; lenient. 宽容的 beneficent: adj.（形容词） Characterized by or performing acts of kindness or charity. 慈善的，行善的 Producing benefit; beneficial. 有益的,puissant: (in poetry) powerful porte

40、nt: n.（名词） An indication of something important or calamitous about to occur; an omen. 预告 Prophetic or threatening significance: 恶兆或凶兆： signs full of portent. 充满凶兆的现象 assent: v. To agree, as to a proposal; concur assent to sth. n.（名词） Agreement; concurrence: reached assent on a course of action. Acq

41、uiescence; consent: 默认 dissent vi. （常与from连用）持异议；不同意；意见不一致 He and I dissented from each other in choosing a suitable candidate.,commonplace: adj.（形容词） Having no remarkable features, characteristics, or traits; ordinary. 平凡的 n.（名词）A trite or obvious remark; a platitude: 老生常谈 incur: v.tr.（及物动词） in.cur

42、red， in.cur.ring， in.curs To acquire or come into (something usually undesirable); sustain: 获得；承受： incurred substantial losses during the stock market crash. 在股票市场剧跌时蒙受了巨大的物质损失 To become liable or subject to as a result of ones actions; bring upon oneself: 招惹 incur the anger of a friend.,apparel: n.

43、（名词） Clothing, especially outer garments; attire. 衣服 A covering or an adornment: 覆盖物，装饰物： trees with their apparel of foliage. 浓密树叶覆盖的树木 keen: adj.（形容词） Having a fine, sharp cutting edge or point. Having or marked by intellectual quickness and acuity.See Synonyms at sharp Acutely sensitive: a keen e

44、ar. Intense; piercing: a keen wind. 刺骨的风 Pungent; acrid: 辛辣的；尖刻的： Ardent; enthusiastic: a keen chess player. Eagerly desirous: keen on going to Europe in the spring. Acute; bright; clever; cutting; exact; fine; quick; sharp; sharp-witted; smart fall short of: be lack of,privation: n.（名词） Lack of the

45、 basic necessities or comforts of life. 匮乏 The condition resulting from such lack. 贫困，困苦 An act, condition, or result of deprivation or loss. 丧失 necessary: n.（名词）nec.es.sar.ies Something indispensable. 必需品 by no means: In no sense; certainly not: 并没有；绝不： This remark by no means should be taken light

46、ly. 这次讲话绝不能等闲视之,occurrence: n.（名词） The act or an instance of occurring. Something that takes place. inclement: adj.（形容词） Stormy: 严寒的：狂风暴雨的： inclement weather. 险恶的天气 Showing no clemency; unmerciful. 冷酷的,render: To submit or present, as for consideration, approval, or payment: 呈递 render a bill.开账单 To

47、give or make available; provide:给予 render assistance. To give what is due or owed:表示 render thanks; rendered homage.表示感谢；致以敬意 To give in return or retribution:还以，抱以 He had to render an apology for his rudeness. To surrender or relinquish; yield.放弃，投降 To represent in verbal form; depict:描写 “Joyce has

48、 attempted . . . to render . . . what our participation in life is like”(Edmund Wilson) “乔伊斯曾试图描绘出我们参与生活的样子”(埃德蒙威尔逊) To represent in a drawing or painting, especially in perspective.表现：以图像或绘画表现，尤指用透视画法 To perform an interpretation of (a musical piece, for example).演奏，诠释 To express in another languag

49、e or form; translate.翻译,eminent: adj.（形容词） Towering or standing out above others; prominent: 高耸的 an eminent peak. Of high rank, station, or quality; noteworthy:显赫的 eminent members of the community.这个社区的引人注目的成员们 Outstanding, as in character or performance; distinguished:杰出的 ceremonial: adj.（形容词） Of,

50、appropriate to, or characterized by ceremony; formal or ritual.正式的 Involved or used in ceremonies:礼仪场合的：有关或用于礼仪场合的： ceremonial garb.礼袍,ceremonious: adj.（形容词） Strictly observant of or devoted to ceremony, ritual, or etiquette; punctilious:拘礼的 Characterized by ceremony:礼节性的： “Putting on a hat can be a

51、 ceremonious act, an elegant gesture in the ritual of dressing”(Ruth La Ferla)“戴帽子被看作一种礼节性的举动，是着装仪式上一个优雅的举动”(露丝拉费拉) In accord with prescribed or customary usage; rigidly formal:拘泥的 Their ceremonious greetings did not seem heartfelt.,World of Barbie,Mother of Barbie,Colourful World,（Princess of India

52、）$35.78,（Princess of the Renaissance）,（Princess of the French Court）$35.78,（Princess of England）$19.95,（Princess of Ireland）$35.78,（Princess of Ancient Greece）,（Princess of the Korean Court）,(Princess of Japan),Chinese Barbie,二月紫水晶 February Amethyst Barbie,三月碧玉 March Aquamarine Barbie,四月钻石 April Dia

53、mond Barbie,五月祖母绿 May Emerald Barbie,Barbie Dolls: life in plastic,Barbie is no bimbo.,Barbie has appeared as an astronaut, surgeon, Olympic athlete, downhill skier, aerobics instructor, TV news reporter, vet, rock star, doctor, army officer, air force pilot, summit diplomat, rap musician, president

54、ial candidate (party undefined), baseball player, scuba diver, lifeguard, fire-fighter, engineer, dentist, and many (many) more.,Barbie and Ken,Wedding,The early Barbie dolls,Fantasy,Barbies family,Comments on Barbie dolls,American sweetheart “the most potent icon of American popular culture in the

55、late twentieth century.”,Criticism,Critics fall crudely into two groups: the “Barbie is the face of wicked American imperialism” camp; and the “Barbie corrupts young girls with shallow messages that promote style over substance” lot. The first group blames Barbie for promoting rampant consumerism an

56、d Americanisation. The second lot of critics deplore Barbie for preaching the supremacy of appearance.,Discussion Questions,What, according to the author, are the major reasons for the massive success of Barbie dolls? Is the Barbie doll more than a symbol? And why? Why does the writer mention how ma

57、ny people participated in the survey, how many responded, and who they were in this article? What were the influences on the girls who played with Barbie dolls? What did they learn from playing with these dolls? Explain Children seldom follow adult formulas for having fun. What are the cultural mean

58、ings of Barbie dolls? What social and cultural changes does the history of Barbie dolls reflects?,Discussion,What, according to the author, are the major reasons for the massive success of Barbie dolls? * Play value * Affordability * Fashion image * Sex appeal * In step with the times,Is the Barbie

59、doll more than a symbol? And why? It is different things to different people. * Barbie doll is a symbol of American ideals of glamour and affluence. * It is also a role model for some in fashion consciousness. * It is a toy that provides vicarious pleasure in playing. * It is a window where children view the adult world. * It is a miniature real world where children find the true meanings of the adult world.,Why does the writer mention how many people participated in the survey, how many responded, and who they were in this article? * The information serve