英美文学课件复习资料.ppt

1、English and American Literature,An Outline of English Literature,I. Old English, or AngloSaxon, Era (450-1066) II. Middle English Period (1066-1485) III. The Renaissance Period (1485-early 17th century) IV. The 17th Century V. The 18th Century. VI. The Romantic Age(1789-1837) VII. English Literature

2、 of Victorian Age (1837-1901) VIII. 20th Century Literature,I. Old English, or AngloSaxon, Era (450-1066),This period extended from about 450-1066, the year of the Norman-French conquest of England. The Germanic tribes from Europe who overrun England in the 5th century, after the Roman withdraw, bro

3、ught with the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon language, which is the basis of modern English. They bought also a specific poetic tradition, the formal character of which remained surprisingly constant until the termination of their rule by the Norman-French invaders 6 century later.,Achievements,Poetry

4、Much of old English poetry was probably intended to be chanted, with harp (a kind of instrument in Chinese means 竖琴) accompaniment, by Anglo-Saxon scop (poet in Chinese means 吟游诗人), often bold and strong, but also mournful and elegiac (sad) in sprit. Major achievement: Beowulf,II. Middle English Per

5、iod (1066-1485),Extendingfrom1066to 1485, this period is noted for the extensive influence of French literature on native English forms and themes.,Achievements,Literary Trends: Arthurian Legends and Tales of Chivalry and Adventure:,Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales,III. The Renaissance Period

6、(1485-early 17th century),Literary Trends: Renaissance and Humanism The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. This period is characterized by the influence of the classics (in literature, language, and philosophy), as well as an optimistic forward-thinking approach to

7、 the potential of humans (known as Renaissance humanism).,Writers and Works:,Thomas More: Utopia 乌托邦 Edmund Spenser: Faerie Queene 仙后 Francis Bacon: Essays 论说文集,William Shakespeare,Works: 154 sonnets, 37 plays, 2 long poemsComedy: A Midsummer Nights Dream, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Merchant of

8、Venice Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet History Plays: Henry IV,The earlier seventeenth century, and especially the period of the English Revolution (164060), was a time of intense ferment in all areas of life religion, science, politics, domestic relations, culture.,

9、IV. The 17th Century,Writers and works: John Milton: Paradise Lost 失乐园 John Buyan: The Pilgrims Progress 天路历程 (Metaphysical poet) John Donne: Songs and Sonnets 歌与十四行诗,IV. The 17th Century,Literary TraitsEnlightenment and Neoclassism , the early age of Romanticism The Enlightenment movement was a pro

10、gressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe at the time . The enlightenmenters celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rule.,V. The 18th Century,In the field of literature, enlightenment

11、ers believed that the artistic should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy . seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Neoclassicism. A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, character

12、ized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint.,V. The 18th Century,Poetry: Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Rock 劫发记 Prose: Jonathan Swift: Guillivers Travels 格列佛游记 The Rise of the Realistic Novel Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记,VI. The Romantic Age(1789-1837),The lite

13、rary views: Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art.,A: Poetry:

14、William Wordsworth not overcome by passion.,the natural changes age brings.,that beauty you possess.,the beauty of everything beautiful will fade,the sun,a,b,a,c,d,d,f,e,e,f,g,g,b,c,f,白话译本： 我能否将你比作夏天？你比夏天更美丽温婉。狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残， 夏日的勾留何其短暂。休恋那丽日当空，转眼会云雾迷蒙。休叹那百花飘零，催折于无常的天命。唯有你永恒的夏日常新，你的美貌亦毫发无损。死神也无缘将你幽禁，你在我永

15、恒的诗中长存。只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。,Sonnet 18 is the best known and most well-loved of all 154 sonnets. It is also one of the most straightforward in language and intent. In the sonnet, the poet compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. The poet also states th

16、at his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem.,Romanticism,Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. It was a revol

17、t against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but can be detected even in changed attitudes towards children and education.,Major Romantic

18、 Poets,William Blake 1757-1827 Songs of Innocence William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Lyrical Ballads, I wander Lonely as a Cloud S.T. Coleridge 1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads, Kubla Khan George Gordon Byron 1788-1824 Don Juan Percy Bysshe Shelly 1792-1822 Ode to the West Wind John Keats 1795 1821 Ode to a Nigh

19、tingale,1798年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的抒情歌谣集宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。华兹华斯在1800年抒情歌谣集第二版的序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言(manifesto)。,Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered to hav

20、e marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature. It became and remains a landmark, changing the course of English literature and poetry.,Romanticism is characterized by the 5 “I”s:,Imagination Intuition Idealism the concept that we can make the world a better place. Inspiration

21、 The Romantic artist, musician, or writer, is an “inspired creator” rather than a “technical master.” Individuality,Romantics celebrated the individual.,emphasized over “reason”,William Wordsworth(1770-1850),William Wordsworths poems have two major subjects. One is about nature. The other is about c

22、ommon life of ordinary people. Wordsworth is regarded as a worshipper of nature.“ Works: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Also known as Daffodils Ode: Intimations of Immortality The Solitary Reaper,华兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、及乡民村姑、少男少女等普通人的生活闻名于世。 文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主义诗风。,华兹华斯: 英国诗人，与柯尔律治、索塞同

23、被称为“湖畔派”诗人。,Percy Bysshe Shelley,珀西比希雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792年8月4日1822年7月8日），一般译作雪莱，是英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一，更被誉为诗人中的诗人。其一生见识广泛，不仅是柏拉图主义者，更是个伟大的理想主义者。 创作的诗歌节奏明快，积极向上。,One of the major English Romantic poets,Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822),most famous for poems such as “Ode to the West Wind”, 西风颂 “T

24、o a Skylark”, 致云雀 for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron; for his untimely death at a young age, like them,One of the major English Romantic poets,Ode to the west wind Shelley,Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:What if my leaves are falling like its own!The tumult of thy mighty harm

25、oniesWill take from both a deep, autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike withered leaves to quicken a new birth!And by the incantation of this verse.Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearthAshes

26、 and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakened earth.The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If winter comes, can spring be far behind?,最后一节,像你以森林演奏，请也以我为琴，哪怕我的叶片也像森林的一样凋谢!你那非凡和谐的慷慨激越之情，定能从森林和我同奏出深沉的秋乐，悲怆却又甘洌。但愿你勇猛的精灵竟是我的魂魄，我能成为剽悍的你! 请把我枯萎的思绪向全宇宙播送，就像你驱遣落叶催促新的生命，请凭借我这单调有如符咒的韵文，就像从未灭的

27、余烬飏出炉灰和火星，把我的话语传遍天地间万户千家，通过我的嘴唇，向沉睡未醒的人境，让预言的号角奏鸣!哦，风啊，如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗?,Ode to the West Wind,In this poem, the poet praises the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver, that enjoys boundless freedom and that has the power to spread messages far and wide. It is

28、 a great lyric on nature, but it has underlying significance: the old world must go, and a new world must come with the spring, laden with fresh sweet promises for suffering humanity. It is a mixture of death and rebirth.,John Keats (1795-1821),Keats wrote 150 poems, but those upon which his reputat

29、ion rests were written in the span of nine months, from January to September 1819. This intense flowering of talent remains unparalleled in literary history.,English Ode,An ode is typically a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which captures the poets interest o

30、r serves as an inspiration for the ode. It is generally regarded that Keatss most important and mature poems are in the form of ode. perhaps the greatest odes of the 19th century were Keatss Five Great Odes of 1819 which included Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to

31、Psyche, and Ode to Autumn.,English novel,Jane Austen(16 December 1775 18 July 1817),her works of romantic fiction have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature her realism and biting social commentary have cemented her historical importance as

32、a writer.,Jane Austen,Pride and Prejudice 1796 (Pub. 1813) Sense and Sensibility 1797 (Pub. 1811) Northhanger Abbey 1798 (Pub. 1818) Mansfield Park (Pub. 1814) Emma (Pub. 1815) Persuasion (Pub. 1818),She first gave the novel its modern character through the treatment of everyday life.,Pride and Prej

33、udice, originally called First Impressions,The novel described the clash between Elisabeth Bennet, the daughter of a country gentleman and an intelligent young woman, and Fitzwilliam Darcy, a rich aristocratic landowner. Their relationship starts from dislike, but Darcy becomes intrigued by her mind

34、 and spirit. At last they fall in love and are happily united. Through the character of Elizabeth, Jane Austen emphasizes the importance of independence and self-confidence for women.,It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife

35、.凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理 However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.,Appreciate

36、 the language,Charles John Huffam Dickens7 February 18129 June 1870,pen-name Boz most popular English novelist of the Victorian era the greatest representative of English critical realism. with the theme of social reform running throughout his work.,Oliver Twist 1837-39Old Curiosity Shop 1840-41A Ch

37、ristmas Carol 1843Dombey and Son 1846-48 David Copperfield 1849-50Bleak House 1852-53Hard Times 1854Little Dorrit 1855-57A Tale of Two Cities 1859Great Expectations 1860-61,Major works,His books are largely set in London, at the time the largest and richest city in the world, but struggling to cope

38、with a rapidly growing population and a substantial number of desperately poor people. Dickens applied his unique power of observation to the city in which he spent most of his life.,Dickens characters span all social classes and he wrote compassionately about the lives of the poor and campaigned fo

39、r better conditions for them,Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol,Great Expectations,the story of the orphan Pip, writing about his life from his early childhood until adulthood and attempting to become a gentleman along the way. The novel can also be considered semi-autobiographical of Dickens, like much

40、of his work, drawing on his experiences of life and people.,The main themes of Great Expectations are those of crime, social class and ambition. From an early age, Pip feels guilt; he is also afraid that someone will find out about his crime and arrest him. The theme of crime comes in even greater e

41、ffect when Pip discovers that his benefactor is in fact a convict. Pip has an internal struggle with his conscience throughout the book.,A Brief Survey of American Literature,I. Colonial Period (1607-1765) II. Enlightenment and Revolution Period (1765- end of 18th century) III. Romantic Period (1800

42、- 1865) IV. Realistic Period (1865- 1918) V. Modern Period (1918-1945) VI. Contemporary American Literature (1945- ),I. Colonial Period (1607-1765) Background: Puritanism features of Puritanism Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred. Original sin: Human beings were born to be

43、evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved. Influence A group of good qualities hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.,Types of Writing,1、清教徒采用的文学体裁： A、narratives

44、日记 B、journals 游记 2、清教徒的写作内容： their voyage to the new land adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops about dealing with Indians endless bounty, bold spirit,Edward Taylor 爱德华泰勒 (1642-1729),a colonial American poet, physician, and pastor. Taylors complete poems were not published until 1960.

45、 Taylor is the only known American poet who wrote in the metaphysical style.,II. Enlightenment and Revolution Period (1765- end of 18th century),Background: The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic the United States of America. Type of Writing Pro

46、se (of Reasoning)，political writings and orations,Important Writers,Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林 （1706-1790） one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath. As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic Works: Poor Richards Almanac 格言历书 Autobiography

47、 自传 （18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ）,Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰斐逊 Declaration of Independence 独立宣言 Thomas Paine 托马斯潘恩 Common Sense 常识 William Hill Brown 威廉希尔布朗 The Power of Sympathy 同情的力量（第一部美国小说） Philip Freneau 菲利浦弗瑞诺 -“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle 野忍冬花,III. Romantic Period (1800- 1865) Background

48、: Independence of British government Array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe Romanticism：moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption

49、. Transcendentalism: as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.,III. Romantic Period (1800- 1865) Background The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature b

50、ecame a permanent convention of American literature. Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in Americas language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasi

51、ng frequency.,III. Romantic Period (1800- 1865) Literary forms： Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.,Important Writers,Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文 (1783-1859) -the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. Sketch Book见闻札记- the fi

52、rst modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature 开创了美国短篇小说的传统 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷传奇 Rip Van Winkle 瑞普凡温克尔,James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀 (1789-1851) - launched two kinds of immensely popular stories the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga The Leatherstocking

53、 Tales皮袜子故事集，regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” （开创了美国文学的一个重要主题文明的发展对大自然和它代表的崇高品德的摧残与破坏）Its central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo (美国文学的一个重要的原型人物独立不羁、逃避社会、在大自然中需求完美精神世界的班波).,Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加爱伦坡 （1809-1849）- editor, poet, literary critic，often used grotesque or fantasti

54、c events. Poetry: The Raven乌鸦 Horror Fiction: The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍大厦的倒塌 Whodunit: Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格街谋杀案,Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生 (1803-1882) - best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century - believed above all in individualism, indepen

55、dence of mind, and self-reliance Nature论自然 Self-Reliance 论自立,打破神学统治，强调人在宇宙万物中的地位，对确立民主思想和发展民族文化起了极大作用。,Henry David Thoreau 梭罗 Walden 瓦登湖 Walt Whitman 惠特曼 Leaves of Grass 草叶集 Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑 The Scarlet Letter 红字 Herman Melville 梅尔维尔 Moby Dick白鲸 Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯多夫人 Uncle Toms Cabin 汤姆叔叔

56、的小屋,IV. Realistic Period (1865- 1918),Background Mechanization 机器化 Urbanization 城市化，许多人涌入城市，阶级差异明显 Industrialization 工业化,Local Color Literature,IV. Realistic Period (1865- 1918),Local color literature refers to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features including characters, dialects, custo

57、ms, history, and topography of a particular region. Since the region may be a recreation or reflection of the authors own, there is often nostalgia and sentimentality in the writing. 美国乡土文学(local color literature) 着重描绘某一地域的特色，即方言土语、社会风尚、生活习俗、民间传说、性格人物以及地方独特景色，常见形式是短篇小说。其中可见浪漫主义与现实主义的双重影响:从日常普通生活反映边地

58、奇俗或异域风景，又通过细节描写保持真实性与准确性。其特点与弱点均在于依恋过去黄金时代的浓浓乡愁与感伤。,IV. Realistic Period (1865- 1918),Background 19世纪70年代,随着梭罗,霍桑等人的去世,浪漫主义文学运动衰落。纽约取代了波士顿成为美国文学的中心。各地区风格独特的乡土文学促进了现实主义文学的发展。这时期的作家不再探索生死之奥秘或歌颂英勇的个人,也不满足于充满理想与激情的浪漫主义。他们着眼于现实生活,努力表现这个充满活力与矛盾,自由竞争和崇尚物质享受的新时代,同时也开始批判社会现实,揭露美国社会的阴暗面。 美国现实主义文学的代表作家：豪威尔斯(Wi

59、lliam Dean Howells),马克.吐温(Mark Twain)和詹姆斯(Henry James).,William Dean Howells 威廉迪安豪威尔斯 (1837-1920),American realist author and literary critic. “Realism is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.” -Criticism and Fiction 批评与小说,Mark Twain 马克吐温 (1835-1910),Samuel Langhorne Clemens, well known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), which has been called “the Great American Novel”, and The Adventures of Tom