翻译与翻译腔.ppt

1、4.5翻译与翻译腔（Translationese and Chinglish）,Language is the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives. The language of one nation distinguishes itself from that of another by its peculiar lexes, syntax, idiomatic expressions and modes of thinking. Failing to free himself of the influence of th

2、e source language, the translator sometimes directly translplants the original linguistic forms into the target language, hence giving rise to a hybrid language characterized by its poor acceptability in the TL, i.e. translationese.,4.5.1英译汉中的欧化表现 Translationese in English-Chinese Translation,Their

3、strength lay only in the lack of consciousness on the part of the people. 他们的力量就在于人民缺乏觉悟。 他们之所以显得强大，是因为人民还没有觉悟起来。 Fujimoris parents were cotton pickers in Peru until they opened a tailor shop in downtown Lima. 藤森的父母在秘鲁采棉花谋生，一直到他们在利马商业区开设裁缝店为止。 藤森的父母原本在秘鲁采摘棉花谋生，后来他们改行在利马商业区开裁缝店。,There were many force

4、s at work which made virtually inevitable the discovery of America at about the time Columbus accomplished it. 有许多使美洲的发现成为实际上不可避免的事的力量已经在哥伦布完成这一发现时期前后起着作用。 美洲的发现实际上是势所必然的，因为在哥伦布到达美洲的前后时期，就已经有许多重要因素在起作用。,4.5.1英译汉中的欧化表现（续1）,“Will you take advantages of a mans nature to do him out of the price of his o

5、wn daughter what has brought up and fed and clothed by the sweat of his brow until shes grown big enough t be interesting to you two gentlemen?” ( Bernard Shaw: Pygmalia) “你们总不至于乘人的好脾气来骗我从小给她吃穿养大到使你们两位以为有意思的女儿的身价吧？”,4.5.1英译汉中的欧化表现（续2）,4.5.1英译汉中的欧化表现（续3）,Analysis: 西方语言对于汉语语言的影响（词，句法）新文化运动后的翻译实践活动对于白话

6、文形成的作用(文言，白话，和翻译文体),“您两位不至于因为我这个人脾气好就想骗我，趁机贬低我女儿的身价吧？她现在倒是长大成人了，您两位对她也感兴趣；可是，我当初为了把她拉扯大，给她吃，给她穿，不晓得留了多少血汗啊！”,再看到她吐在地上的一口鲜血后，袭人就有了一种半截都冷了的感觉，当她想着往日常听人家说，一个年轻人如果吐血，他的年月就不保了，以及纵然活了一个较长的生命，她也终是一个废人的时候，她不觉就全灰了她的后来争荣夸耀的一种雄心了。在此同时，她的眼中也不觉地滴下了泪来。当宝玉见她哭了的时候，他也不觉心酸起来了。因之他问：“你心里觉得怎么样?”她勉强地笑着答：“我好好地，觉得怎么呢?”,4.5

7、.1英译汉中的欧化表现（续4）,4.5.1英译汉中的欧化表现（续5）,林黛玉看见宝玉一副懒懒的样子，只当他是因为得罪了宝钗的原故，所以她心里也不自在，也就显示出一种懒懒的情况。凤姐昨天晚上就由王夫人告诉了她宝玉金钏的事，当她知道王夫人心里不自在的时候，她如何敢说和笑，也就作了一项决定，随着王夫人的气色行事，更露出一种淡淡的神态。迎春姊妹，在看见着众人都觉得没意思中，她们也觉得没有意思了。因之，她们坐了一会儿，就散了。,这样作践红楼梦，使人笑完了之后，立刻又陷入深沉的悲哀。这种不中不西不今不古的译文体，如果不能及时遏止，总有一天会喧宾夺主，到那时，中国的文坛恐怕就没有一寸干净土了。( 余光中余光

8、中谈翻译p.64),4.5.1英译汉中的欧化表现（续6）,对比红楼梦原文：,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation,（1）Mother tongue interference,A：Taking words literally or at their face value 密码 secret code (password) 大片 big movie (blockbuster) 长镜头 long lens (zoom lens) 方便面 convenient noodles (instant noodles),隐性眼镜 invi

9、sible glass ( contact lens) 新闻自由 freedom of news ( freedom of press) 流动资金 circulating funds (working capital),科技旅游 technological tours (science-theme tours) 修建辐射型的道路 to build a radioactive roads (to build a road system with roads radiating out in several directions),4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续1）,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语

10、（续2）,天涯海角（海南岛景点） The End of the World (Lands End/The Ends of the Earth) 一小时内免费上门送票（服务项目） deliver tickets free of charge within an hour( free delivery of tickets with one hour),B: Not conforming to Established Practices 不冻港 non-freezing port（ice-free port） 保税区 tax-protected zone （free-trade zone /bon

11、ded zone）,不准拍照 Dont take pictures （No photographs.） 请勿吸烟 Please dont smoke. （No smoking） 入境登记卡 entry card （disembarkation form） 外向型产业 external-directed industries （export-oriented manufacturing）,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续3）,C: Chinglish sentences 他左腿跛了。 His left leg is lame. He is lame in the left leg. 上海的交通和

12、拥挤。 Shanghais traffic is very crowed. The traffic in Shanghai is heavy. 中国西部的矿产很丰富。 The west of Chinas minerals are rich. The west of China is rich in minerals.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续4）,（2）linguistic competence,The translators Guide to Chinglish Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 中式英语之鉴 1Redunda

13、nt words 2Sentence Structure,新学期已经过去一个月了。 Our new term has passed one month. It has been on month since the new term began.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续5）,TABLE OF CONTENTS Part One: Unnecessary Words .Unnecessary Nouns and Verbs .Unnecessary Modifiers .Redundant Twins .Saying the Same Thing Twice .Repeated Ref

14、erences to the Same Thing .Summing it All Up,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续6）,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续7）,Part Two Sentence Structure .The Noun Plague . Pronouns and Antecedents . The Placement of Phrases and Clauses .Dangling Modifiers .Parallel Structure .Logical connectives . Summing it All Up,1Redundant words,（1） unne

15、cessary nouns and verbs （2） unnecessary modifiers （3） repetition (redundant twins, repeated ideas, and repeated references) Brevity: The soul of language,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续8）,All authorities on the style of English prose agree that good writing is concise. A classic statement of this percept appears i

16、n the famous little book of Willian Stunk, Jr. , and E.B. White, The Elements of Style p.23: Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machines no unnece

17、ssary parts.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续9）,Professor Cheng Zhenqiu(程镇球) suggests that the Chinese language tolerates more adjectives and adverbs than the English. Referring to a government report thick with relentlessly repeated modifiers, he warns that “If all of them are translated literally into English, th

18、e effect could be deadening. Too much emphasis means very little emphasis.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续10）,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续11）,This problem of the deadening effect often arises in English versions of political documents. When all tasks are arduous, when it is imperative to perform them all, and when we are cons

19、tantly exhorted to execute them conscientiously, diligently, resolutely, energetically, vigorously, unswervingly, persistently, and unremittingly, the reader, exhausted at the end of the first page, mentally throws up his or her hands and stops listening.,For example, in the draft translation of the

20、 first volume of the Selected Works of Zhou Enlai, the pieces dating from the 1920s and 1930s were full of references to rampant reaction and frenzied enemy attacks. Concerned about the constant repetition of such striking adjectives, the two English-language polishers did their best to delete or ch

21、ange them where possible. They also made it a rule that the strong adverb resolutely was to be allowed no oftener than twice a page, lest it lose its force (a rule that they were not always able to abide by).,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续12）,Examples of revision in Summing it All Up,Please identify the problems

22、in these sentences and then revise them. （1）A: We must oppose the practice of extravagance. B: We must oppose extravagance （2）A: The key to the solution lies in the curtailment of expenditure.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续13）,（3）A: At that time the situation in northeast China was still one where the enemy was s

23、tronger than the peoples forces.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续14）,B: At that time the enemy was still stronger than the peoples forces in northeast China. Unne words (esp. nouns ) go hand in hand with faulted structure.,（4）A: We should enthusiastically explore both the international and domestic markets, opening

24、 up new international markets and further exploring the rural market. B: We should try to open up new international and domestic markets, especially exploring (or expanding) the rural market.,（5）A: On the whole, however, financial and economic work was still decentralized, because we had not adopted

25、 measures to bring financial revenue under unified management; only expenditure was unified, not revenue. B: On the whole, however, financial and economic work was still decentralized, because we had brought expenditure under unified management, but not revenue.,（6）A: Foreign experience has shown th

26、at some countries have experienced development periods or undergone a number of high-growth stages, as demonstrated in Japan, South Korea, and parts of Southeast Asia.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续15）,B: The experience of other countries shows that some of them - Japan, South Korea and parts of Southeast Asia, f

27、or example - have gone through one or more periods of rapid development. （7）A: The offices of the Military Control Commission were located in an area where board and lodging, and public transport and communication facilities were easily available and where telephone contacts could be made with much

28、convenience.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续16）,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续17）,B: The offices of the Military Control Commission were located in an area where board and lodging, public transportation, and communication facilities, including telephones contacts, are readily available.,（8）A: Moreover, they are in the habit of

29、taking more than their due and do not make compensation for or return the things which they are not entitled to but which they have taken into own possession. B: Moreover, they are in the habit of taking things to which they are not entitled and do not make compensation for or return them.,C: Moreov

30、er, they take things to which they are not entitled and never return them or make compensation. （9）A: Various departments should quickly establish and strengthen necessary research organs to carry out work in coordination with the Chinese Academy of Sciences in a joint effort for expanding the scien

31、tific force. B: Various departments should quickly establish research organs to work jointly with the Chinese Academy of Sciences to expand the scientific force.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续18）,（10）A: We shall step up medical research, focusing on the causes for incidence of common and their prevention and illn

32、esses treatment, and concentrating on tackling the key research projects. B: We shall step up medical research, concentrating on key projects for the study of the cause, prevention, and treatment of common illnesses.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续19）,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续20）,（11）A: In this decision of the Central Comm

33、ittee the necessity and urgency of rectification was explicitly expounded and the basic tasks for the rectification were clearly defined as follows: to unify thinking, rectify the style of work, tighten discipline and purify the organizations. B: In this decision the Central Committee explained the

34、urgency of rectification and defined its basic tasks as follows: to unify the members thinking, improve their style of work, tighten discipline and weed out those who were unqualified.,2Sentence Structure,（1）The noun plague （2）The placement of Pronouns and Clauses （3）Pronouns and Antecedents （4）Dagg

35、ling Modifiers （5）Parallel Structure （6）Logical connectives,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续21）,（1）A: The prolongation of the existence of this temple is due to the solidaty of its construction. B: The temple has endured because it was solidly built. Complicated, long-winded, ponderous and obscure,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续2

36、2）,（2）A: The second question concerns close planting. It should neither be spread out too thinly nor planted too closely. B: The second question concerns close planting. Crops should be neither spread out too thinly nor planted too closely. missing antecedent,（2）A: The second question concerns close

37、 planting. It should neither be spread out too thinly nor planted too closely. B: The second question concerns close planting. Crops should be neither spread out too thinly nor planted too closely. missing antecedent （3）A: In Africa too, the strong and common voice of the Organization of African Uni

38、ty is to ask other countries not to interfere in their internal affairs.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续23）,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续24）,B: The African countries too, through the Organization of African Unity, demand with one voice that no other country interfere in their internal affairs. Ambiguous antecedent, missing ant

39、ecedent,（4）A:In recent years, China has introduced much technology and equipment from abroad, playing an important role in improving its petrochemical technology. Playing attaches itself to subject “China”. Therefore, we have the following paraphrasing:,Playing an important role in improving its pet

40、rochemical technology, China has introduced much technology and equipment from abroad in recent years. In recent years, China has introduced much technology and equipment from abroad, and these imports have played an important role in upgrading its petrochemical technology.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续25）,（5）A:

41、 The volume of money in circulation and credit will be kept at a level beneficial to stabilizing the value of the renminbi and to encourage growth.,B: The volume of money in circulation and the amount of credit available will be kept at a level that will stabilize the value of the renminbi and encou

42、rage economic growth.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续26）,（6）A: The guiding general principle of national economic development - with agriculture as the foundation and industry as the leading factor - must be applied to obtain better results. “with” in A-version is so vague that the phrase it introduced seemed mere

43、ly incidental.,B: We must do better in applying the guiding principle of national economic development, namely, that agriculture is the foundation and industry the leading factor. “Namely” nailed down the meaning.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续27）,3Pragmatic（语用） Competence,Translators pragmatic ability is part of

44、 their communicative competence. According to the famous American scholar Lyle F. Bachman, language competence consists of two components, “organizational competence”,and “pragmatic competence”. Organizational competence refers to the knowledge of linguistic units and the rules joining them together

45、 at the levels of sentence (“grammatical competence”) and discourse (“textual competence”). Pragmatic competence is made up of “illocutionary competence”（语内行为能力） and “social-linguistic competence”, with the former including “knowledge of communicative action and how to carry it out, the latter compr

46、ising ability to use language appropriately according to the context.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续28）,More often than not, making a pragmatic error in a Chinglish expression is far more serious than a linguistic one. The genuine example below illustrates this point: Eg. （1）Have you eaten? （2）Is there any salt?

47、（3）“Why not.” （4）Hi, Comrades! Hi, Leader! （5）Check it, please.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续29）,旅客须知 （摘录） 旅客登记时，须凭足以证明本人身份的有效证件，并说明住宿原因。 旅客必须遵守饭店的规章制度，服从工作人员的管理，爱护饭店的公共财物。 对违反上述规定的旅客，饭店有权责成改正。,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续30）,The translation reads: Points for Attention （An Excerpt） Guests are requested to show their own val

48、id papers to prove their identities and to tell the reason for lodging when they check in at the hotel. Every guest has the obligation to abide (by) the rules and regulations of the hotel, cooperate with the personnel in carrying out their duties and take good care of the property in the hotel,4.5.2

49、汉译英中的中式英语（续31）,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续32）,Such expressions are not uncommon in our hotels. While most Chinese guests pay no heed to the commanding tone in the notice, a foreign guest may find it rather impolite and even unbearable. In order to make foreign guests feel as comfortable as if they were at home

50、, the following expressions in English-speaking countries can be used for reference:,The authority of the hotel has the right to reason with anyone who has violated (the) regulations mentioned above.,Please help us to speed up your check-in by presenting your ID. Our guests are kindly expected to he

51、ed the rules and regulations. Your cooperation will be appreciated in making our services effective. In the unlikely event that something in the room is broken or damaged, please let the Floor Desk know immediately.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续33）,（If you find the robe in the bathroom to your liking, you are we

52、lcome to contact the Front Desk for a purchase deal.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续34）,If your departure time does not coincided with our 12：00 noon checkout timing, please call our Reception Desk and every effort will be made to accommodate you.）,Jenny Thomas, a British linguist, summarizes the effect brought by

53、 inadequately developed pragmatic competence: Grammatical errors may reveal a speaker to be a less than proficient language user, pragmatic failures reflect badly on him / her as a person. A native speaker could,attribute L2 learners apparent impoliteness, not to any linguistic deficiency, but rathe

54、r to boorishness or ill will. Consequently, pragmatic error is often the major cause of cross-cultural miscommunication for L2 learners. To eliminate Chinglish of this sort, the teaching material should be made more authentic. In this sense, as language is laden with social-cultural values, authenti

55、c English materials would be very helpful for developing our cross-cultural competence and avoid Chiglish translation.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续35）,4Case Study Chinese Science Park Brevity Sentence structure Pragmatic consideration,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续36）,（1）A: The beginning, middle and end of the teaching back-

56、check are divided into three stages, the teaching back-check of each focuses on different parts. 学期初、中、末的教学检查分为三个阶段，教学检查的内容各有侧重点。 B: Teaching inspection is conducted at three stages, in the beginning, middle and end of each semester with different focus in each stage.,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续37）,（2）A: It ca

57、n be manifested in training objective that “make sure that after graduation, working as a doctor, when guided by physicians, the student can be engaged in safe and efficient medical practice; make sure that the student has a certain foundation for his/ her study in all his/ her life and pursuing fur

58、ther study in a certain discipline in medicine”. 培养目标定位于“培养具有良好素质的初级医师，这种素质确保其毕业后作为医生时在上级医师的指导下，从事安全有效的医疗实践，保证他们有恰当的基础能够进行终生学习和在医学某一学科领域进一步深造。,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续38）,Exercises : more examples,Exercises 1 Exerciese 2 参见translationese exercises.doc,4.5.2汉译英中的中式英语（续39）,B: It can be manifested in the culti

59、vating objectives that “When they graduate, medical graduates are competent to practice safely and effectively under the supervision of senior doctors, and have a solid foundation for life-long learning and further training.” (p38 chapter 2.11),Some other typical Chinglish usages,Logical connectivewith A moments reflection will show that “with” can be used in a great variety of senses. The following are only a few of the relations that this versatile word can express. He went with the children to see their teacher. (accompaniment) With a nail and some twine she was able to r