动词时态和语态.ppt

1、动词时态和语态 一、动词时态 （一） 时态的种类 动词有16种时态。以动词do为例，列表如下：,一般现在时： 1.表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或现阶段的习惯。常用时间状语often, sometimes, usually, always, seldom, in the morning, every day, on Sunday等。如：He is always ready to help others. 2.表示不受时间限制的事实或普遍真理。如：A plane is faster than a car. China is in Asia.,3.3.在时间和条件状语从句中，主语用一般将来时，从句

2、则用一般现在时来表示将来动作。如： I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 4.在宾语从句中，尽管主句用过去时，但如果宾语从句所述内容是客观真理，从句谓语动词仍用一般现在时。如：The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east.,5.表示已安排或计划好将来必定会发生的动作或存在的状态，一般用be, come, go, arrive, leave, start等动词。如： The meeting is at 2:00 p.m. 6. 图片说明、电影说明、解说戏剧内容及场景等，动词常用一

3、般现在时。如： Scene I (Mary and Miss. Green are in the professors room a large, pleasant room with many books. There is a big desk near the window.),7. 由here, there开头的句子，动词用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。如： There goes the bell. Here comes the teacher.,1 一般过去时： 1.在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态，与表示过去的时间状语连用，如a few minutes ago, yesterda

4、y, last Sunday, just now, at one time, the other day等。如：He was here just now. 2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，可与时间状语often连用；used to +v.原或would+v.原也表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。如：When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.,一般将来时： 1.表示将来发生的动作或将来存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Sunday等连用。如： When w

5、ill they leave for Shanghai? He will be back in a few days. Where shall we meet tomorrow?,l注：shall和will除了上述表示单纯的将来外，还有其他用法。在第一人称后，will常表示“决心”、“意愿”或“打算”，在否定句中用于所有人称，有“不愿”的意思。shall用于第二人称时，可表示说明者的将来意愿或允诺。如： I will study hard to keep up with my classmates. You shall have the book. （我答应）你会得到这本书的。 He wont

6、 do it. 他不愿做这事。,2.be going to + 动词原形：含有打算、计划、准备将做某事的意思，或表示很有可能要发生的事。,3.若表示已安排或计划好的将来动作或存在状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，其谓语动词常为be, come, go, arrive, leave, start等。（见一般现在时）,注：shall用于第一、三人称，表示征求对方意见。 “Will you ?”这类疑问句常用来表示说话者请求对方许可。如： Shall I go with you?,4.表示按计划即将发生的动作，可用现在进行时代替将来时。此用法多与表示位移的动词come, go, arrive, l

7、eave, fly, start等连用。如： He is leaving for London. 5.be to + 动词原形和be about to + 动词原形也表示将来。前者指“安排好的事”，后者指“即将发生的事”。如： The children are to learn English next week.,过去将来时： 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句中。如： Lily said there would be a concert that evening. I was sure they wouldnt do that. They wondered w

8、hen we should / would finish our composition.,过去将来时也可以用was / were going to + 动词原形、was / were to + 动词原形、was / were about to + 动词原形、was / were + 动词的现在分词（多与表示位移的动词come, go, leave等连用）来表示。如： No one knew when he was going to come. He said that they were to leave at six. I didnt know when they were leaving

9、 for Beijing.,1 现在进行时： 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。如： The boys are reading magazines. Are the students dancing? Mr. Green is talking with Jim in the classroom. 表示目前这段时间内正在进行的动作（尽管此时此刻该动作并不进行）。如： - What is he doing this week? - He is translating a novel.,现在进行时常与副词always, constantly连用，表示反复出现或习惯性动作，含有说话者的赞扬、不满、讨厌、遗憾

10、等情绪。如： The girl is always smiling happily. Youre always making the same mistake. Shes constantly changing her mind. 用进行市可以表示过程。如： Its getting cold. The leaves on the trees are turning brown. Shes finding that chemistry is much more difficult than physics., 现在进行市可用来表示按计划安排即将发生的动作（见一般将来时有关讲解）。 l 注：有些动

11、词一般不用于现在进行时，它们是： A感官动词：see, hear, smell, taste, notice, feel等 B 表示态度和感情的动词：believe, agree, like, hate, want, think等 C一些不表示具体动作而表示某中抽象的关系或概念的动词：have, depend, seem, belong, consist, possess等,但当这些动词的词义改变时便可用于现在进行时。试比较： I fell sick. 我感觉不舒服。（feel: 感到，感觉） The doctor is feeling m pulse. 医生在给我把脉。（feel: 摸） I

12、 cant see anything in the bowl. 我堪布件碗里有什么。（see: 看见） Tom is seeing his friend off at the airport. 汤姆到飞机场送朋友。（seeoff: 送行）,过去进行时： 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。这一特定的过时间可用时间状语表示，也可由上下文暗示。如： He was watching TV when I came in. -What were you doing this time yesterday? -I was writing a letter. They were listening

13、 to the teacher attentively when the bell rang. While I was reading, my sister was playing. At that time they were having a good time. He was reading a novel in the library this morning.,1 将来进行时 表示在将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。如： When you get to the station at nine tomorrow, our uncle will be waiting for you

14、 there. I will be busy this evening. I will be writing an article. 表示按计划将要发生的动作。如： I hope you will be coming on time. They will be having their holiday in June.,1 现在完成时： 表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作和状态，通常用可延续性动词，如be, work, study, live等，常与表示时间长度的状语连用，如for ten minutes, since 1999, all day等，也可带有表示到目前为止的时间状语，如so

15、 far, up to now, until now等。如： I have sat for hours in the classroom, reading a novel. The weather has been cold so far this winter. -How long have you been here? -Ive been here for an hour., 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与非延续性动词如begin, give, go, meet, see等连用，并常带不确定的时间状语，如already, yet, once, twice, just,

16、ever, never等。如： I havent finished my homework yet. l注：非延续性动词（如所述）不能表示“动作延续至今”，因此不能与for, since等延续性的时间状语连用。如：“他已经到达两小时了”不能说：He has arrived here for two hours. 而是：He has been here for two hours.,但用于否定式时，此类动词却部首这一限制，可以与for, since等延续性时间状语连用，因为动作在一段时间内不发生是可能的。如： Havent seen you for a long time. We havent

17、heard from her since last week., 表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间总反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态，常与频度副词如often, always, every week等连用。如： He has always said so. Ive often seen him in the library., have / has been 和have / has gone / come的区别： have / has been 用来表示以往的经历，译为“来（到）过”，常与频度状语once, ever等连用。如： Have you ever been there? 你曾去过那里吗

18、？（不能用has come） They have been to Beijing twice. 他们去过北京两次。（不能用have gone） have / has gone表示“走了”、“到去了”，一般不与第一、第二人称连用。如： He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。（他可能在途中，也可能已到上海，但不在这里。） 但有时have / has gone也可用于第一、第二人称。如： -Where shall I say you have gone if Li Ping asks for you? 如果李平找你，我说你去哪儿了呢？ -Say that I have go

19、ne to Beijing. 就说我到北京去了。,1 过去完成时： 表示动作或状态从过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到过去某一时间，常与延续性动词连用，并常带有for, since, by, when, until等时间状语。如： I had stayed in Beijing for three years by then. Until then he had known nothing about it. The boy told his mother that he had been ill since he came back from the school. She had only b

20、een here for ten minutes when Jim came in. 表示动作在过去某一时间前结束，通常与非延续性动词连用。如： When they got to the field, the football match had already started. He had learned two hundred English words by the end of last term., 表示在过去某时间以前反复发生的动作或出现的状态，常与频度状语连用。如： He said he had seen the film twice. 表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图，常与

21、hope, intend, mean, expect, think, want, suppose等动词连用。如： I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being seen, but that morning the room was quiet and orderly. 原希望在那一阵阵喧闹声中趁人不注意偷偷溜到自己的座位上，可是那天早上，教室里却是那么安静而又有序。,l 注：在含有由after, before等引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于这类词本身的意义能够明确表示时间的先后关系，因此谓语动词常用

22、一般过去时代替完成时。如： After he finished his homework, he went to bed.,10将来完成时： 由shall / will have + 动词的过去分词构成 疑问式：将shall / will移至主语之前 否定式：shall / will not (shant / wont) have + 动词的过去分词,现在完成进行时： 表示动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在，这个动作可能刚停止，可能人继续进行下去，常与延续性动词连用，并常带有表示动作起止时间的状语，如for an hour, for a few days, three days等。如：Tom ha

23、s been working hard since the new term began. Where have you been living these years? 表示不久前刚结束的动作。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。如：Sorry! Im late. How long have you been waiting for me? Hello! At last! I have been telephoning you all (the) morning. 喂！可找到你了。我一早上都在给你打电话呢。, 某些不能用于进行时的动词（如see, hear, know, have, like, b

24、e等感官动词和某些表示思维活动的动词）同样也不能用于现在完成进行时，只能用现在完成时。如： I have known him for many years. （不能用have been knowing） 注：不具有延续意义的动词如finish, come, go, marry等不能用于现在完成进行时。,（一） 时态的区别 1 一般现在时和现在进行时的区别： 一般现在时表示动作的时间不受限制或不确定，现在进行时表示动作的暂时性或有限度的持续性。如： Father works 48 hours every week. （指长期性工作） Dont make so much noise. Father

25、 is working. （指目前在工作） I usually wear sport shoes. （指经常性动作） Im not wearing sport shoes today. （指暂时情况）,瞬间动词常用于现在时表示现在发生的短暂动作，如快速的现场解说等，而瞬间动作用于现在进行时表示动作的重复。如： Jack shoots for goal. 杰克射门。 （表示瞬间动作） The boy is jumping with joy. 那男孩高兴地跳着。 （体现动作的重复）,1 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别： 一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示

26、过去发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在，或表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。试对比： His brother was in the army for five years. （现已退役） His brother has been in the army for five years. （现仍在部队里） They saw the film yesterday. （着眼于动作本身） They have already seen the film. （着眼于目前情况）,与一般过去时连用的时间状语只指过去而不涉及现在，而现在完成时通常与不确定的或包括现在在内的时间状语连用。试比较： He was in prison in 1989. （in1989表示具体的过去时间） He has been in prison since 1989. （since