dk系-列-图-书1000本高-清-英-文-104本dk eyewitness books 104本manini mccarthy-india

1、EyewitnessINDIA/bbsEyewitnessIndiaHorse shaped brass nutcrackerCarved wooden bracket from a south Indian templePaisley pattern block printPowder paints and flowersfor Holi festivalRajasthani puppetsEnameled jewelry boxMughal frock coatThe cow is a sacred animal for HindusEyewitnessI

2、ndiaWritten byMANINI CHATTERJEEIvory filigreeshamadaan (lantern)Sarangi and bowand ANITA ROYThe Goddess Durga slays Mahisa, the Buffalo DemonDorlingK/bbsNecklace pendant (adiyan) from GujaratLondon, new York, MeLbourne, Munich, and deLhiProject editors Anita Roy, Razia Grov

3、er Art editor Aparna Sharma Designer Romi Chakraborty Senior editor Carey ScottUS editors Gary Werner, Margaret Parrish Managing art editor Clare Shedden Picture research Kiran MohanJacket design Katy WallAdditional photography Andy CrawfordDTP designer Umesh AggarwalWoodengunpowder cask in the shap

4、e of a mythical creatureThis Eyewitness Guide has been conceived byDorling Kindersley Limited and Editions GallimardFirst American Edition, 2002 10 9Published in the United States by DK Publishing, Inc.375 Hudson StreetNew York, New York 10014Copyright 2002 Dorling Kindersley LimitedAll rights reser

5、ved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright

6、owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.A Cataloging-in-Publication recordis available from the Library of CongressISBN-13: 978-0-7894-8971-5 (PLC)ISBN-13: 978-0-7894-9029-2 (ALB)Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed in China byToppan Printing Co.,(Shenzhen Ltd)

7、Butter churnBharata Natyam dancerDiscovermore atBahai House of Worship (Delhi)Gangaur festival cart, RajasthanContents6A diverse land 8The first great civilizations10The land of theBuddha 12Two ancient empires14Conflicts in the north 16Kingdoms of the south18The great Mughals 20The Taj Mahal22Arriva

8、l of the Europeans 24The British Raj26The struggle for freedom 28Free India30Life in the village 32Big cities34Art & sculpture 36Traditional craftwork38Fabrics & weaves 40Jewelry42The literary tradition 44Music46Classical dance 48Cinema & theater50Mouthwatering cuisine 52Animal kingdom54Science & te

9、chnology 56Medicine & healing58Religion & beliefs 60Rites & rituals62Festivals 64IndexWooden peacock, Tanjore, 19th century(c) 2011wDworliwng.Kailnld-etrselerym, Insc.cAoll mRig/hbtsbRseserved.A diverse landAof all thepeople on earth live in India over one billion people. They come from a huge varie

10、ty ofdifferent cultures and races. From the aboriginal tribes in the tiny Andaman Islands to the mountain folk in the high Himalayas, the people of India have adapted toI N D I AD e c c a nELEVATIONand settled in immensely different environments. The earliest Indians lived around 400,000. Over the l

11、ast 5,000 years there has been a succession of major civilizations that flourished and declined, each adding to Indias fascinating history. You can find almost every type of habitat here: snowboundmountains in the north, the almost Mediterran-ean woodlands in the Eastern and Western Ghats (hills), d

12、eserts in Rajasthan, and lush coconut groves and tropical beaches in thesouth.Above4000m20004000m10002000m5001000m2505000m100250m0100mSRILANKA Country border Coastline RiverDESERT NOMADTribal herdsmen from Rajasthan walk miles across the dusty plains to graze their sheep and goats.HOT AND COLDThe In

13、dian subcontinent is amix of many landscapes and climates. The southern tip is just 8 north of the Equator, and yet its Himalayan peaks are snowbound all year round.PLENTY MORE FISH IN THESEAIn Kerala, fishermen have used the same techniquesforcatchingfishforcenturies. They carve their boats from co

14、conut tree trunks, andset sail, paddling furiously againstthe breakingwaves.Each evening they bring in their catchto sell at the local market, and sit on the beaches mending their nets.CoconutpalmsNets are made from nylonmeshMILES OF SEASHOREIndia isahuge peninsula, a triangle ofland jutting out int

15、o the ocean. On the west is the Arabian sea, and to the east, the Bay of Bengal. The coastal communities, and the tribal peoples who live on the Andaman and Lakshadweep islands, survive by fishing. They also harvest coconuts from the groves along the shore.6damLETHE GREAT THAR DESERTThe Thar desert

16、in western India covers almost 70,000 sq miles (180,000 sq km). Uniquely, it has no oases nor any native varieties of cactus or palm. Temperatures here reach 122 F (50 C), but even in this inhospitable terrain humans and animals manage to live. Camels are usedfor transportation, and for plowingFROM

17、FAR AWAY PLACESLooks anddress varygreatlyaround the country. The highcheekbones and almond- shaped eyes of these Buddhist monks of thenortheast are like those ofans orChinese just across the border.where there is enough rainfall to sustain a few hardycrops.Kanchenjunga peak is 28,200 ft (8,598 m) ab

18、ove sea levelTea pickers collect leaves in baskets strapped to their backsTEA PLANTATIONSLower mountains provide the perfect climate for tea. Famous varieties, such as Assam and Darjeeling, are named after the places where they are grown.THE ABODE OF SNOWThe Himalayas are the worlds highest mountain

19、 range. The name literally means “abode of snow,” and many mountaineers have tried to scale its most famous peaks: Mount Everest,K2,and Kanchenjunga. The Himalayas form a massive natural barrieralong Indias northern edge, bordering China, Nepal, and P/bbsThe first greatcivil

20、izationsUntil the 1920s, the Aryan culture dating back to 1500 bc wasthought to be Indias oldest civilization. But in 1921, archaeologistsunearthed the ruins of an entire city, buried along the banks of the Indus River in eastern India, showing that Indias civilization went back much furtherto 2300

21、bc. This city, Harappa, and anotherancient city, Mohenjo-daro, now fall inside the Pakistan border. The Indus valley people who lived in these cities were as advanced as the ancient Egyptians. At about the same time as the pyramidswereraised, they were constructing elaborate cities, complete with dr

22、ainage systems, public baths, storehouses, granaries, and religious buildings. They traded with people fromthe Persian Gulf and with the Sumerians who livedDiadem(jeweled circlet)DANCING GIRLThis delicate little bronze dancing girl was found at Mohenjo-daro.Her necklace, hairstyle, and the bracelets

23、 she wears along the entire length of her arm give us a clue as to how those ancient people used todress.in present-day Iraq.Shallow grooves cut into stone for the beardINDUS VALLEY SEALSFlat, square seals like these were probably used by merchants to stamp their goods. The strange symbols at the to

24、p are a very early form of writing. Thousands of these baked soapstone tablets have been found.Unicorn bull engraved on a sealTwo deer fighting with locked antlersAmulet wornhigh wp on thearmHAIR CAREA vast number of ornate hairpins have been found among the remains of the Indus valley settlements.C

25、opper hairpins, like this one, would have been used byHarappan women to fix their long hair in place.THE BEARDED MANThis famous sculpture wasfoundin a small house in the lower city of Mohenjo-daro. The diadem on his head, his ceremonial robe, and his serene expression suggest that he may have been a

26、 head priest or a Harappan god. Clay figurines of mother-goddesses have also been found, indicating that Harappans practiced idol worshiprevering statues as gods.LITTLE CLAY CARTThis toy is probably a scaled down model of the kind of carts that trundled through the streets of Mohenjo- daro, pulled b

27、y oxen or buffaloes.ANCIENT JEWELRYThe Indus people werefond of dressing up and wearingornaments. Archaeological discoveries from this period suggest that both men and women wore jewelry.Bracelets and necklaces were made of shell and glass beads, as well as precious metals such as gold and silver. T

28、his beautiful bead necklace would probablyhave been wornby a nobleman orlady.Beads made from shell and boneYolk for the animals to pullthe cartalong Raised nodules for shell platesA clay bird peeps out of its urn- shaped cageAnteater made from terra-cottaPlant and bird motifsPLAYING WITH CLAYA varie

29、tyof objectsfrom urns and utensils to childrens toyswere made of unglazed baked clay (terra-cotta). Toy carts, dolls, whistles in the form of birds, and animal figures have all been excavated from the Indus valley ruins.Ganges valley platter(c.800 bc)BURIAL URNGlazed clay urns unearthed from graves

30、in Harappa mayhave once contained the remains of bodies. This one is4 ft (1.2 m) high and may have been used for the body of a child.Finely polished, glazed surfaceThe Vedic AgeThe highly evolved Harappan culture was followed by the arrival of a wave of nomadic tribes. The Aryans, as they are called

31、, came from Central Asia andsettled in the plains of the Indus and Ganges rivers. We know about the Aryan culture mainly through the Vedas, a collection of hymns that tells us about the life of the people, their gods, and the evolution of their society into a distinct caste system. The Vedas were co

32、mposed in Sanskrit, andare still chanted in Hindu religious ceremoniesbybrahminprieststoday. This period (c.1500 to 800 bc) is alsoknown as the Vedic Age.Sacred thread worn onlyby uppercaste brahminsVaishnavite caste mark worn by devotees of the god VishnuLEARNING THEVEDASIn the Vedic Age, society w

33、as divided into four castesbrahmins (priests), kshatriyas (warriorsand rulers), vaisyas (traders), and sudras(workers).Onlybrahminboys,showninthis20thcentury painting, were taught the Vedas by gurus in ashrams (hermitages)wheretheyledamonasticlife.www.all-te /bbsThe land of the BuddhaThe past

34、oral lifestyle of the Vedic age slowlygaveway to settled farmingand the beginnings of townsand cities. Thisnew erasawthe riseof two remarkable preachers, both from noble families, who gave up their posessions to lead lives of spiritualism and simplicity. One wasa prince of the Sakya clan called Sidd

35、hartha Gautama who left his home and wandered for six years, finally achieving nirvana (enlightenment). He became known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.” The other was Vardhamana, who was similarly renamed Mahavira (“great hero”) and whose followers were known as Jains.Both Buddhists and Jains re

36、jected the rigid caste system of the Ar Hindus. This, and their belief in nonviolence and social equality,SACRED SITEThemostsacred Buddhist site in India is this large stupa (burial mound) at Sanchi, in central India. It was built inthe 3rd century bc by the great emperor Ashoka, who ruled his empir

37、e according to Buddhist principles.yangained them many followers.Prince Siddhartha gives up his horse and groomPrince Siddhartha leaves his haremTHE GREAT DEPARTUREThis is a section of a large frieze from the Amaravati stupa in south India. Itshows PrinceSiddhartha leaving his luxurious palace for a

38、n austere life in searchof spiritual truth and an end to human suffering.Prince Siddhartha secretly leaves his palace on his horse KanthakaSleeping womanCells where monks would go into retreatRobes worn by Buddhist monks are usually yellow and orange, the colors of the rising sunLEARN ANDTEACHMany f

39、amilies madesure that their eldest sonjoined a monastery. Here hewould be lookedafCENTER OF LEARNINGOne of the oldest universities in the world, Nalanda, in eastern India, dates back to the 5th century ad. It was built on a pilgrimage site visited by Buddha. Monasteries set up by his followers throu

40、ghoutthe country became important centers of learning, culture, and art.A vast mound covered the site before it was discovered in the late 1800ster and taught by monks, and wouldlearn all about theBuddhist way of life.10THE ENLIGHTENEDONEAfter 49 days of meditation under a tree at a place that came

41、to be known as Bodh Gaya, Siddhartha attainedenlightenment. After this, he was called Buddha, which means “the Enlightened One.” He spent the remaining 44 years of his long life wandering from place to place and teaching that suffering is causedby desire, and that only by ending desire can one put a

42、n end to suffering. Desire could be conquered by following the “Eightfold Path” ofrightthought,action, effort,understanding, speech, livelihood, concentration, and contemplation. This goldenstatue of Buddha meditating was a gift to the Indian people from the spiritual leader of, the Dalai Lama.Words

43、 of themantra inscribedon brassWeighted chain helps the wheelto spinA mantra (prayer) is written down androlled up inside SIMPLE SEEKERSBuddhism remained very popular in India for several centuries after Buddhas death because it rejected the costly rituals and caste system practiced by Hindu priests

44、. Buddhist monks were simple seekers, who went from door to door with begging bowls for people to fill with food.Lower lid Wooden grip is spunaroundRight hand turned down, asking the earth to witness his enlightenmentPRAYER WHEELBuddhists believe that they gain spiritual merit with each prayer recit

45、ed. Instead of chanting it out loud, every turn of the special prayer wheel counts as aprayer uttered.Lotus flower pedestal on which Buddha is usually shownseated or standing11Two ancient empiresKingdoms rose and fell, but two great empires of ancientIndia the Mauryas and the Guptas have left a last

46、ing legacy. The Maury an empire (322185 bc) began with Chandragupta Maurya, a warrior king. He extended hisempire from the east to the northwest, after defeating one of Alexander the Greats generals. Chandraguptas grandson,Ashoka, became the greatest Maurya ruler of all. Ashoka was strongly influenc

47、ed by Buddhist ideals. He had edicts (rules),instructing his subjects in the importance of nonviolence and correct ethical behavior, inscribed on stone pillars throughout the country. The Maurya empire then broke up into smallerkingdoms until the 4th century ad, when the Hindu king, Chandragupta I,

48、established the Gupta empire, a “Golden Age” that lasted more than 200 years.Mauryan empire Gupta empireALEXANDER THE GREATRuler of one of the largest empires in the world, the Greek king Alexander marched into Punjab in north India in 326 bc. After his death three yearslater, his generals were defe

49、ated byChandragupta Maurya. Letterscarved on the rock surfaceWRITTEN IN STONEAshokas edicts were mainly written in Pali, a language that was more accessible to common people than Sanskrit. He appointed officials to make sure these Buddhist “rules of conduct” (dhamma) were followed.The 24-spoked chak

50、ra (wheel) symbolizes the Buddhist Wheel ofLawASHOKAN CAPITALSome of Ashokas edicts were also carved on polished sandstone pillars, usually topped with animal “capitals.” The lion capital from Sarnath in north India was adopted as Indias official emblem, and can be found on all modern coins and curr

51、ency notes.SarnathAjantaBay of BengalArabian SeaElongated ear lobes also found on Buddhist statuesThe emperor playing music Greek featureslikecoiled hair are typical of Gandhara artGANDHARA SCULPTUREThese 1st century ad carvingsofBuddha,fromthe northwestern province of Gandhara, display traces of cl

52、assical Greek art. This was due to the influence of the descendants of Alexanders generals who settled there.Gold coins of SamudraguptaWEALTH OF THE GUPTASChandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, the three great kings of the Gupta dynasty, were generous patrons of learning and culture. The

53、ir gold coins reflect an age of prosperity.HINDU HOLY TRINITYThe Gupta era was called a “Golden Age” as much for its artistic wealth as its economic prosperity.This stone carving from the period shows the three main gods in the Hindu religion: Brahma (the creator), Vishnu (thepreserver),and Shiva (t

54、he destroyer).Ceiling vaults carved from solid rockCAVE TEMPLESPrayer halls with high vaulted ceilings and carved beams are a typical feature ofthe Buddhist cave temples of Ajanta and Ellora.AJANTA FRESCOThe 2nd century bc cave monastery at Ajanta in central India is famous for its frescoes (wall pa

55、intings). These tell the story of Buddhas life and past incarnations. The artists who painted them were funded by royal patrons. They coated the cave walls with mud and lime to make a base, and used natural minerals, such as yellow and orange ocher, for the paintings. The image on the left is a deta

56、il from a court scene.Forgotten for more than a thousand years, the frescoes were rediscovered in the 19th century.13Conflicts in thenorthFor more than a thousand years, from the endofthe Guptaempire tothe comingofthe Mughals (pp.1819), no single dynasty was able to establish an empire in the subcon

57、tinent. North India remained in a state of turmoil with different factions competing for power. The final blow to the Gupta dynasty was dealt by the Huns, a military tribe from central Asia, who repeatedly invaded from the northwest and establishedtheir rule at the end of the 5th century ad. They didSELF DEFENSEThe knuckleduster was a simple but powerful weapon