形容词和副词

1、形容词和副词一、学习目标：知识目标：1. 了解形容词和副词的构成方法； 2. 掌握形容词和副词在句子中的位置；3. 掌握形容词和副词的基本用法； 能力目标：能够正确地使用形容词和副词。情感目标：帮助同学们进行知识的归纳总结，拓宽知识面。二、重点、难点：1. 形容词作表语、宾语补足语和修饰不定代词的用法；2. 副词修饰动词作状语；3. 形容词、副词的比较等级。三、考情分析：近年来，全国各地的中考英语试题对形容词和副词的考查主要集中在以下四方面：1. 对形容词的考查重点是比较等级的用法，其作表语、宾语补足语和修饰不定代词的用法；2. -ing形式与-ed形式形容词的辨析；3. 对副词的考查重点是副

2、词修饰动词作状语，以及副词的比较级与最高级；4. 形容词与副词在语境中的词义辨析等。四、知能提升：（一）知识讲解形容词用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词叫形容词。、形容词的构成：1. 本身即为形容词的词（如red, glad, nice, beautiful）2. 由“名词+y”构成的形容词sunsunny windwindy funfunny cloudcloudynoisenoisy lucklucky3. 加后缀构成的形容词（如-able, -ent, -en, -al, -ful, -less等）comfortcomfortable nationnational wood

3、wooden differdifferent carecareful hopehopeless4. 由“名词+ly”构成的形容词：friendfriendly、形容词的用法及位置作定语形容词修饰名词时放于名词之前；修饰不定代词时，放于不定代词之后。如：1. What beautiful flowers！2. The nice girl is my sister. 3. He wants to do something different this time. 4. I have something important to tell you. 【考题链接】Shirley has done a

4、lot for the tourists. She is really a (help) guide.答案：helpful解题思路：guide“导游”，是一个名词，其前应用形容词作定语来修饰。As we know, Liu Xiang is a （成功的）player. 答案：successful解题思路：句意“众所周知，刘翔是一个成功的运动员”。player是一个名词，前面“成功的”应该用形容词形式，形容词作定语来修饰名词。作表语在be动词、感官动词taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），look（看起来），feel（摸上去）以及become, get, turn,

5、grow等系动词后用形容词作表语。如：He is young. She looks happy today.The food tastes delicious. 【考题链接】The old woman looked （着急的）because she couldnt find her purse.答案：worried解题思路：句意“那位老太太看上去很着急，因为她找不到她的钱包了”。look在本句中是感官动词，意为“看起来”，其后要接形容词作表语。The dish smells and youd better throw it away.A. good B. well C. bad D. badl

6、y答案：C解题思路：句意“这道菜闻起来味道不好，你最好把它扔掉”。smell在本句中是感官动词，意为“闻起来”，其后要接形容词作表语。D. badly副词；B. well作形容词，表示“身体好的”，作副词，表示“好的”，不合题意；A. good形容词“好的”，不合题意。所以选C。作宾语补足语放在宾语之后，常与make, leave, keep等动词连用。如：You should keep your room clean every day. What makes you sad? Dont leave the door open when you go out. 【考题链接】Your room

7、 is very dirty. You should keep it .A. clean B. dry C. quiet答案：A解题思路：根据句意“你的房间很脏。你应该保持它的干净”。可知选A。keep + 宾语+ 形容词作宾语补足语。形容词的顺序1、冠词/代词+形容词+名词：a beautiful girl一个漂亮的女孩 an excellent musician一个卓越的音乐家 your favourite music你最喜欢的音乐2、形容词的后置：1) 当名词前面有表示量度的词或词组时，形容词要放在所修饰的名词后面。当量度词组与形容词一起构成合成词，并在句中作定语，需要放在名词前面Lon

8、don is a city about two thousand years old.伦敦是一个大约有两千年历史的城市。=London is about a two-thousand-year-old city.Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high.去年我们盖了一栋十三层的高楼。=Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building.2) 带有表示量度的词或词组作表语时，形容词要后置。The bridge is a hundred meters long.这座桥长达一百米。The

9、building is thirteen storeys high.这座建筑有十三层高。3) 一些形容词或形容词词组常放在句首或句尾，作状语。He returned home, tired and hungry.他又累又饿地回到了家。Cold and hungry, she walked in the street.她走在街道上，又冷又饿。、-ing形式与-ed形式形容词的辨析-ed形容词多形容人的情绪或感受，主语一般是人。-ing形容词多形容客观事物体现在外的性质，主语或修饰的词一般是物。【考题链接】Nancy doesnt enjoy her job anymore. Shes becau

10、se every day she does exactly the same thing.A. relaxing B. relaxed C. boring D. bored答案：D解题思路：-ed形容词的主语一般是人，-ing形容词的主语或它所修饰的词一般是物。首先排除A和C；根据前句意思“Nancy不再喜欢她的工作”，可判断是“厌烦了”，因此选D。IV. 形容词的特殊用法有些形容词可以和定冠词the连用，表示一类人或事物。这时，它相当于一个名词，可以作主语或宾语。表示一类人时，看作复数；表示一类事物是，看作单数。the young年轻人the aged老人the sick病人the deaf

11、聋哑人the blind盲人the smooth顺利的事the impossible不可能的事Bobin hated the rich and love th poor.The wounded/old are well looked after.We all love the beautiful.即学即练1. Look! How the boys are!Yes. They won the game this afternoon.A. exciting B. excitement C. excite D. excited 2. Who left the windows ?A. open B.

12、opening C. opened D. opens3. Mum, Bill is coming to dinner this evening.OK. Lets give him to eat. A. something different B. different anything C. anything different D. different something4. The sea looks very when the sun is shining on it.A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. the most beautiful 5. She t

13、old us a story. Her voice sounded .A. sweet B. small C. clearly D. sadly6. George was frightened to see a snake in the grass. His face turned .A. pale B. clean C. sadly D. happily7. Harry Potter is an book for children, but my cousin isnt in it at all. A. interesting; interesting B. interested; inte

14、restedC. interesting; interested D. interested; interesting8. I like working here because everyone is (friend).9. The Greens are (happy) to live in this (noise) street. They want to move to another place. 10. Susan often goes swimming in summer when its warm and （sun）.副词修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子，说明时间、地点、程度、方

15、式等概念的词称为副词。、副词的分类：1. 时间副词（1）表示何时：now, today等 （表现在）then, yesterday, last night, ago, just now, a moment ago等（表过去）tomorrow, next week, tonight等（表将来）这类副词是确定动词时态的标志，是解题的突破口。（2）表示频度：always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, hardly, twice a week等。（3）表示其他时间关系：already, early, since, still, at onc

16、e, at first, at last等。2. 地点副词here, there, home, upstairs, downstairs, somewhere等。3. 方式副词一般用来回答“怎样地”这类问题，像well, hard, slowly等。4. 程度副词多用于修饰形容词、副词、动词或介词短语。常见的有much, a little, a bit, very, too, enough, quite等。5. 疑问副词how, when, where, why用于引导一个特殊疑问句，提出疑问。另有由how组成的疑问副词短语how often, how far, how soon, how l

17、ong, how much等。、副词的构成1. 本身即为副词：now, very, there, how, too, well等。2. 与形容词形式相同的副词：early, late, high, wide等。3. 由“形容词+ly”构成的副词：slowslowly quickquickly clearclearly badbadly4. 一些形容词本身即可作副词，而加ly之后也为副词，但意义不同。如：hard努力地，狠狠地 hardly 几乎不；wide宽地 widely广泛地；high高高地 highly高度地His parents hit him hard.His parents har

18、dly hit him.5. 有些以ly结尾的词是形容词，而不是副词。如：friendly（友好的）；lonely（孤独的）；lovely（可爱的）6. 有些形容词和副词同形因为这类词的形容词和副词同形，所以要看它在句中具体修饰什么词来判断它到底是形容词还是副词。This kind of wood is hard. 这种木材硬。He studies hard.他努力学习。He looks well. 看起来他身体不错。He works well. 他工作得很好。、副词在句中的作用作状语：修饰形容词或动词He works hard. Its raining heavily. You are qu

19、ite right. The boy is too young. 【考题链接】Hand-foot-mouth disease is terrible, but I believe that we Chinese can beat it （成功地）.答案：successfully解题思路：副词在谓语动词之后作状语。Hes so strong that he can carry the box （容易地）.答案：easily解题思路：副词在谓语动词之后作状语。作定语：少数地点副词和时间速记可以作定语，放在所修饰词的后面。副词作定语和介词短语作定语一样，一律后置。The students here

20、are all from Tianjin.The students in the room are all from Tianjin.作表语：作表语的副词多数是表示位置的，如in, out, on, back, down, up, lff, upstair等。Is he in?Whats on this evening?My mother has been away for a week.、副词的位置1. 一般副词作状语时，放在谓语动词之后。如果谓语动词后带宾语，则放在宾语后面。He is jumping happily.The boy is doing his homework carefu

21、lly.2. 地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句尾。They live here.Ill meet him at the station tomorrow. The boy runs quickly.They did their experiments carefully in the lab yesterday. 3. 频率副词在句中的位置在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，行为动词之前。She is always kind to us.I can never forget the day.The work has never been done.He often goes to scho

22、ol early. 练一练 A: I didnt know you take a bus to school. B: Oh, I take a bus, but it is snowing today.A. hardlyB. neverC. sometimesD.usually “非常，很”very用于修饰原级：very big非常大much用于修饰比较级：much bigger大得多very much修饰动词：I like English very much.我很喜欢英语。 4. 程度副词在句中的位置1）修饰动词时，位置与频度副词的情况相似。He is almost forty years

23、old.He can hardly understand you.I quite like the boy.2） 修饰形容词、副词时，程度副词位于它所修饰的词的前面。只有enough 修饰形容词、副词时，要放在所修饰词之后。He tudies much harder now.The room is big enough to hold fifty persons.He runs fast enough.5. 修饰全句的副词一般位于句首，用来修饰整个句子，表示说话人对话语的态度。Luckily, she was in when I called. 【考题链接】Dont worry. He is

24、to look after little Betty.A. carefully enough B. enough careful C. careful enough D. enough carefully答案：C解题思路：enough 作副词修饰形容词或副词时，要放在所修饰词的后面，所以排除B和D。空白处前面是be动词，因此应该填形容词。故选C。即学即练1. Look, its raining .Thats great. Its too hot these days. A. greatlyB. heavilyC. quicklyD. hardly2. the weather was not s

25、o wet as it is today and we played happily.A. LuckyB. LuckilyC. UnluckyD. Unluckily3. Im sure Ive seen him , but I cant remember the right place. A. anywhere B. nowhereC. somewhereD. everywhere4. I didnt sleep last night. I feel tired now.A. wellB. niceC. fineD. good 5. Mr Li is very popular among t

26、he students.Yes. His classes are lively and interesting.A. alwaysB. sometimesC. hardlyD. never 6. Mum, I think Im to get back to school.Oh, dear. Youd better stay at home for another day or two.A. so wellB. so goodC. well enoughD. good enough 7. Though he studied at Russian for ten months, he can st

27、ill speak the language.A. hard; hard B. hardly; hardlyC. hard; hardlyD. hardly; hard8. do you like the movie?Very interesting.A. HowB. WhoC. WhatD. When 、形容词和副词的级大多数形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级。原级即形容词或副词的原形，比较级和最高级的构成如下：1. 规则变化类别构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般直接加-er，-estlongtalllongertallerlongesttallest以不发音的e结尾时加-r

28、，-stlatelargelaterlargerlatestlargest以辅音字母加y结尾时，把y变i，再加-er，-esteasy happyeasierhappiereasiesthappiest以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-er，-estbighotbiggerhotterbiggesthottest多音节词和部分双音节词在原级前加more，mostcarefulmore carefulmost carefulbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful2. 以ly结尾的副词，除early外，比较级、最高级都用在其前加

29、more，most的形式。原级比较级最高级earlyearlierearliestslowlymore slowlymost slowlyquicklymore quicklymost quicklybravelymore bravelymost bravely3. 不规则变化。原级比较级最高级good / wellbetterbestmany / muchmore mostlittlelessleastbad /badly /illworseworstoldolder（年纪较大的）elder（较年长的）oldest（年纪最大的）eldest（最年长的）farfarther（较远）furthe

30、r（进一步）farthest（最远）furthest（最大限度）*有些副词没有比较等级的变化，如：now, never, then, here, always, how、形容词、副词原级的用法：1. 说明人或事物自身的特征、性质或状态时用原级。The flowers in the garden are beautiful. He runs fast.2. 有表示绝对概念的副词very, too, so, enough, quite 等修饰时，用原级。 The boy is too young. He plays the piano very well.3. 表示A与B 在某一方面程度相同或不同

31、时用形容词或副词的原级。asascan和asas possible表示“尽可能”Ill arrive as early as I can.=Ill arrive as early as possible.I will write you back as quickly as I can.=I will write you back as quickly as possible.肯定句中的结构：“A+ as +形容词/副词原级 + as + B”。Tom is as tall as Jack.He runs as fast as I.否定句中的结构：“A+ not+as/so +形容词/副词原级

32、 + as + B”。I dont do my homework as (so) carefully as you.She isnt as (so) careful as you. 否定句的结构相当于less +形容词/副词原级+ than。 This movie is less interesting than that one. 、形容词/副词比较级的用法1. 表示两者进行比较时用形容词或副词的比较级，其结构为“A + 比较级+than + B”。表示“A比B更”。如：This room is bigger than that one. I am taller than you.注意：为了

33、避免重复，在从句中常用the one, that, those等词来替代前面出现过的名词。其中the one替代可数名词的单数形式，the ones或those替代可数名词的复数形式，that 替代不可数名词。如：In winter, the weather of Beijing is colder than that of ShanghaiThe students of Class One study harder than those of Class Two.2. 前面有表示程度的副词a little, a bit, a lot, much, even, far等修饰时，用形容词/副词的

34、比较级。Its much warmer today.This problem is a lot more difficult than that one. 3. 表示两者之间“哪一个更”时，用句型“Which/Who is +形容词/副词比较级，A or B?”表示。如：Which is bigger, an elephant or a panda? Who is taller, Mike or Ted? 4. 表示“两者之中比较的一个(of the two)”时，常用“the + 比较级”结构。如：Bob is the taller of the two boys.5. 表示“越来越”时，用

35、比较级的重叠结构，即“比较级+ and + 比较级”，多音节词和部分双音节词用“more and more + 原级”的结构。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer. Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. 6. 表示“越就越”时，用“the + 比较级， the +比较级”结构。如：The more you eat, the fatter you will be.The more you study, the more you know.、形容词/副词最高级的用法1. 表示三者或三者以上的

36、人或物进行比较时，用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the，副词的最高级前可不加。句末常接一个in/of短语来表示范围。Whats the best sport in summer? Li Dong sings best of the four boys. 2. 表示在三者或三者以上的人或物中进行选择时，用“Which/Who is the +最高级，A, B or C?”结构。如：Which is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou? 3. 表示“最的之一”时，用“one of the +形容词最高级+可数名词的复数”结构。如：Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers. 4. 形容词最高级前可以加序数词，表示“第几最”。如：The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 5. 形容词最高级前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰时，不能再用定冠词the。如：Li Ming is my best friend. 6. 形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。如：Li Lei is the ta