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1、1. Abbreviations,A: Symbols helpful in math - these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sum f = frequency B: Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare e.g. = example C: Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism D:

2、Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative,E: Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology info = information ach = achievement ch

3、em = chemistry max = maximum intro= introduction conc = concentration min = minimum,F: Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government G:Use an apostrophe in place of letters. a

4、mt = amount contd = continued govt = government educatl = educational,H: Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions I: Use g to represent ing endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg

5、 = experimenting,J: If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. K: Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. &

6、 = and w/ = with w/o = without vs = against,L: Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for example ibid = Latin, the same work o = degrees H2O = water M: Use g to represent ing endings. Examples: decrg decreasing ckg checking estblg establishing,2. Letters and images,Z 表示“人”people/perso

7、n,因为“Z”看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如:日本人:JZ。 E 表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect.E 数学符号表示总值。 Q 表示通货膨胀:inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。,i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。 U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示举杯祝贺。如果在U内填入2,就

8、可以表示为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个/表示谈判破裂。, 圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference, negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium O 圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc

9、. T 表示领导人:leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT C 表示冲突,矛盾:conflict, confrontation C中的表示反对,字母C将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。,3. Arrows,表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to etc. 表示导致、引导:lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc. 表示屈服:submit to 表示来自于:be/come

10、 from,return,receive from, etc. 表示追溯到:come/go back to,originate,表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc.表示发射、投放市场、发行:launch,open, start, etc.表示发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen, promote, etc 表示增长,进步等,如: increase , soar , mushroom , rocket , make progress 下降,退步,恶化等,如 decrease , sink , slide , subsid

11、e , plump , plunge , drop , degrade ,deteriorate 表示波折:ups and downs, twists and turns, etc. 高兴,男性,同意,增加等,如 happy , male , agree , many , +2=more , +3=most , beneficial , good , beautiful , great , gorgeous,悲伤,女性,不同意,减少等,如 sad , female , disagree , little , few , -2=less , -3=least , lack of , short

12、of 同意,正确等,如: agree , correct , right 表示好的状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc. 不同意,错误等,如: disagree , incorrect,多于,超过,比 低一级等,如: more than , greater than , bigger than , better than , superior to , surpass , transcend , overtake 少于,比 低级等,如: less than , lower than , smaller than , inferior to 大约,如: appr

13、oximately , about , around , some , nearly , almost , similar to 否定,清除,如: clear , settle , solve , tackle , conquer , eliminate , extinct,与 不同,如: differ from , different from , distinct , unique $ 金钱,利益,如: interest , benefit , money , fund , capital,4. Punctuations,: 表示各种各样“说”的动词:say, speak, talk, m

14、arks, announce, declare, etc. 例: repeat 或 reaffirm 可以用 :2 来替代,声明支持可以用 + :来替代,谴责用 - : ? 表示问题:question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw? . (dot) 这个.点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样.d表示yesterday, .y表示last year, .2m表示two month ago。y表示this year, y2. two year laternext week, 可以表示为wk.“ 表示转折, 表示重要的状态:important,exemplary(模范的) best,outstanding,brilliant,etc. n 表示交流状态:exchange,mutual, etc.&表示和,与:and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc. 表示结束:end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.,5. How to abbreviate long words,-ism 简写为m 例如:socialism Sm -tion简 简写为n 例如:standardiza

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