17_话语分析与口译表达.ppt

1、话语分析与口译表达,与笔译相比，口译的最大特点是即时性。讲话人在即席发言时，具体表达和选词造句不会像书面语那样严谨，必然有重复啰嗦，译员要能够判断讲话人的真正意图，分辨、剔除那些冗余成分，将有效信息处理并译成目的语。 口译表达应以听众为本，要求译员充分考虑听众的接受能力，面对高水平专业研讨会的听众，译员尽量使用行业术语，表达尽量简练，而面对一般听众，语言应通俗易懂，遇到难点，可做补充说明。,译员可在三个方面借助话语分析来准确地表达讲话人的意图和要传达的信息： 1，译员要具备语域register意识，译出内容的风格，语气要与原语基本一致。原语是正式语还是非正式语，是调侃还是一本正经，是幽默还是嘲

2、讽，都应在表达中体现其特征。 2. 在表达过程中，衔接cohesion的正确使用很重要要关注两种语言中指代reference，名词化nominalization和动词化verbalization功能还的差异，能够做到转换自如。,3. 译员在表达上要有连贯coherence性。英语是形合语言hypotactic以形统意，结构严谨，限定动词和连词往往其支配作用。汉语是意合语言paratactic,以意统形，横向铺排，只要语义搭配合理即可。汉译英时应用适当的连词或限定动词，将原语语段的逻辑关系表述清楚，英译汉时，可将长句做适当的拆分，将重点放在语义搭配上。,商务口译中应注意的事项,译员要通过各种可利

3、用的途径，了解所谈项目或交易的内容、进度、双方的立场及要解决的难题。如有可能，请本方人员告之涉及谈判的一些信息，尽量了解和熟悉所谈项目涉及的概念、工作原理、程序、属于、缩略语和惯例。,在谈判或会谈中，译员首先要牢记自己的身份，即便是最简单的问题，也不要自作主张，替本方或对方来回答或解释。因为商务谈判斗智斗勇，声东击西，语中充满玄机，译员要忠于职守，保重交际的顺利进行。同时要始终精神饱满，万万不可因谈判陷入僵局而表现的不耐烦。当发生争吵时，译员应不卑不亢，镇定自若，以影响和感染当事方，使谈判得以进行下去。,商务口译员应该注意到有些商务谈判涉及到谈判双方的一些商务机密，在完成口译任务后要做好保密工

4、作，不可把谈判内容泄露给第三方。有的公司很重视这一点，甚至会要求译员把谈判时做的笔记留下，在这种情况下，译员应给予积极配合。,Frankly, it seems that the temptation to throw money and technology at companys new projects is irresistale and the urge to expand seems pretty powerful. 坦率的讲，公司似乎无法抵御在其新项目上大量投入资金和技术的诱惑，同时扩张的欲望看来也十分强烈。,Once convinced of the benefit of ad

5、vanced technology, companies all too often invest hastily in them and in some basic training without considering other human factors necessary for success. This is the same as a novice初学者garderner who chooses a plot, sows the seeds, waters and waits. With luck, the garden will flourish. 一旦确信了先进技术的效益

6、，公司往往会刻不容缓地在这些技术和一些基本培训上投资，而不考虑确保成功的其他人的因素。这就如同一位没有经验的园丁，选好一块地，播下种子，浇上水，然后开始等待。运气好的话，花园将花繁叶茂。,But seldom can business success be left to luck. Companies that invest in a comprehensive education programme to ensure their people understand the rationale基本原则behind the new technologies, and the impact o

7、f those technologies on their jobs, are more like an experienced gardener. A professional relying not on luck but on preparation will take time to prepare the garden before planting, and will research the special needs of different plants. 然而，商业上的成功却很少能依赖运气。那些在综合教育项目上投入，以便确保其员工了解新技术所涉及的基本原理和新技术给员工的工

8、作带来的冲击的公司，就如同一名有经验的园丁。一名专心做好各种准备工作而非依靠运气的专业人士会在种植前精心将花园准备好，同时会研究不同的植物的各种特殊需要。,Frequently, companies fail to consider, or budget for, the single most important factor in determining the success of new technology: the education of the people who will be managing, operating, maintaining and using the n

9、ew technologies. 公司在很多情况下都没有考虑保证新技术成功的最主要的因素，并为此做出预算。这个因素就是对将要管理、操作、维护和使用新技术的员工的教育,When considering this investment, companies should also be answering the question “why?” Those that pursue a deliberate course to understand the potential fears of their people, and deliver appropriate training progra

10、mmes are in a far stronger position to reap the fruits of their investment. 在考虑这项投入时，公司也应回答“为什么要这么样做”的问题。那些执意要寻求了解他们的员工的潜在担忧并举办适当的培训项目的公司，则很可能收获他们投入所带来的果实。,During the 1992US presidential compaign, a chalkboard with “Its the economy, stupid!” greeted visitors to Bill Clitons campaign headquarters. Th

11、at single sentence served as an important reminder to Cliton and his volunteers to focus on the most important issue. Something similar could easily be chalked up to remind companies of the most important issue in moving to any new technology: “Its the people.” 在1992年美国总统大选期间，走进比尔克林顿竞选总部的人，都可迎面看到黑板上

12、写的一句话“要看经济，傻瓜”！这短短几个字很重要，它用来提醒克林顿和他的助选义工们要将精力集中在重要议题上。用类似的话作为口号应不是件难事，其目的是提醒公司在采用任何新技术时，最重要的问题是“人是决定因素”。,16.1 人的因素第一 坦率的讲，公司似乎无法抵御在其新项目上大量投入资金和技术的诱惑，同时扩张的欲望看来也十分强烈。 一旦确信了先进技术的效益，公司往往会刻不容缓地在这些技术和一些基本培训上投资，而不考虑确保成功的其他人的因素。这就如同一位没有经验的园丁，选好一块地，播下种子，浇上水，然后开始等待。运气好的话，花园将花繁叶茂。,然而，商业上的成功却很少能依赖运气。那些在综合教育项目上投

13、入，以便确保其员工了解新技术所涉及的基本原理和新技术给员工的工作带来的冲击的公司，就如同一名有经验的园丁。一名专心做好各种准备工作而非依靠运气的专业人士会在种植前精心将花园准备好，同时会研究不同的植物的各种特殊需要。 公司在很多情况下都没有考虑保证新技术成功的最主要的因素，并为此做出预算。这个因素就是对将要管理、操作、维护和使用新技术的员工的教育。,在考虑这项投入时，公司也应回答“为什么要这么样做”的问题。那些执意要寻求了解他们的员工的潜在担忧并举办适当的培训项目的公司，则很可能收获他们投入所带来的果实。 在1992年美国总统大选期间，走进比尔克林顿竞选总部的人，都可迎面看到黑板上写的一句话“

14、要看经济，傻瓜”！这短短几个字很重要，它用来提醒克林顿和他的助选义工们要将精力集中在重要议题上。用类似的话作为口号应不是件难事，其目的是提醒公司在采用任何新技术时，最重要的问题是“人是决定因素”。,16.2 on the issue of talented personnel Speaking about talented personnel, I think the most crucial factor is that we should build up a system in which talents flow freely. I dont believe that China is

15、 short of the talented people; instead, there are many of them. Our problem is that many people have not been assigned to the jobs that may give full play to their talents. Its like having many beautiful young ladies and handsome young men, but most of them remain signle because they have no opportu

16、nities to meet and socialize with each other. To be honest, in our institutions or enterprises, many people thought an individual not an able person. BUt that was not the case, it was more likely that he had been assigned to a job that did not suit him at all. Actually, if he had been transferred to

17、 another post, he might have beocme a first-class talent.,With regard to the concept of talent and the personnel system, we sued to lay emphasis on personal chairsma. Now , the team spirit is more emphaasized. I feel now we nre much more open and permissive than before in terms of both the personnel

18、 system and the attitude towards different people, which I think is a positive change. If we call our society before the accession to the WTO a comparatively traditional one, we may call it a relatively modern society since our entry to the WTO. I think there is a great difference of principle betwe

19、en the two. In the past, a particular position might have been created for the sake of a particular person, but in the days to come, we may try to spot the particular person to fill an available position. If we say in the past we paid great attention to a persons expertise in the selection process,

20、maybe from now on we will pay much more attention to a persons overall quality.,16.4 危害分析和节点控制体系 女士们，先生们： 下午好！非常高兴来到这座媒体的城市病参加本次论坛。谢谢你们给了我这次机会来谈谈危害分析和节点控制体系（HACCP）及原则和应用指导。我的发言将氛围两个部分，第一部分是对这一体系的总体介绍。 HACCP是一种食品安全管理体系，用于识别和控制食品生产或加工中出现的生物、化学和物理危害。这一体系可以预防、消除在食物链、包括从原材料的生产、采购和处置，到加工、销售及成品消费过程中出现的健康危害

21、，或将危害减轻到可以接受的水平。,HACCP在20世纪60年代由为美国宇航局工作的Pillsbury公司率先实行，旨在监理一个“零缺陷”的系统来保证宇航员在太空食用的食品的安全。70年代中期，美国食品药品管理局FDA在低酸性的罐装食品上采用了该控制体系的主要原则。食品法典委员会在认识到这套体系对食品控制的重要性后，于1997年将HACCP列为了食品安全的国际标准，同时将其原则和应用知道包括在食品卫生总则中。如今，HACCP已在世界许多国家的食品加工工厂、食品零售商店及食品服务机构中得到了成功的应用。,食品工业的规模，产品的种类和加工在国际上大幅度增长。在过去30年中，视频的出口成10倍的增长使

22、全世界的人们有更多机会接触各地的食品。但是全球食品运输约束的松动带来了疾病的不断扩散。新的食品病原体不断出现，隐含着食物中毒和死亡的威胁。以前未被认识到、以食品为重要媒介的细菌，如沙门氏肠菌，变得广泛传播。公众对食品化学污染方面的健康关注也不断增加，如食品中铅含量对神经系统的影响。,为了满足在不断增长的国际贸易中，食用产品在世界范围内达到均衡的需要，世贸组织根据实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定，采用了HACCP体系座位对国际食品卫生安全要求的参考。在美国，FDA规定HACCP为海鲜品业、肉、禽类加工的食品安全标准，并在最近将果蔬汁生产列为之内。FDA目前正在考虑将此标准推广到食品工业的其他领域，包括

23、国产和进口食品。欧盟和加拿大在海鲜品、肉、禽类食品加工和出口中必须实行HACCP的标准。日本根据其食品卫生法在海鲜业实施了类似的标准。与日本一样，澳大利亚和新西兰也正在积极推行在肉、禽类食品加工业中实行HACCP强制标准。,实行HACCP体系使公司在竞争中取得优势，因为它可推动这些公司向国际市场出口其产品。同时，HACCP体系也提供了许多其他的商业优势，如可降低生产成本，降低产品的召回的风险，满足顾客对食品安全的要求，为管理层提供重要的信息，同时使员工的生产率和满足感最大化。 对实行HACCP有兴趣的公司需要制定和实施一个HACCP的计划。下面我将重点讲应遵循的步骤，而这些步骤可以用来帮助负责

24、实施和贯彻HACCP体系的人员。,16.5 Chinas policy direction for absorbing foreign investment Ladies and Gentlemen: Good afternoon. I feel greatly honoured to have this opportunity to discuss with you the issue of CHinas introduction of foreign capital. The statistics released by the Ministry of Commerce last week

25、 show that in 2004, China approved the establishment of 43,664 new foreign-funded enterprises, with a contractual foreign investment of US$ 60.63 billion. China has become the worlds second largest recipient of foreign investment.,We will in our work centre on the principles and policies of our nati

26、ons economic and social development, adapt to the new situation of world economic development and stick to the principles of active, reasonalbe and efficient utilization of foreign capital. In absorbing foreign capital, we will try tofollow the principle of the four “combines”. 1. Combine it with ec

27、onomic structural adjustment and industrial upgrading;,2. With the improvement of the socialist market economy system, and the reinforcement of enterprise competitiveness; 3. With the expansion of exports and development of an open econ omy; and 4. With the vigorous development of Chinas western are

28、a, the rejuvenation of northeast China and the promotion of harmonious development of regional economies.,We will take measures to further improve the soft environment for foreign investment, actively explore new methods for absorbing foreign capital, put emphasis on absorbing advanced technologies,

29、 modern management and special talents, actively introduce foreign capital to invest in industries of new and advanced technologies, encourage multinational companies to set up regional headquarters, research and procurement centres here, speed up the development of supporting industires and open up

30、 the service trade field to foreign capital step by step. To achieve these ends, we will focus our efforts on the following two areas.,1. We will actively imporve the policy and legal environment for foreign investment and the level of administration according to law. To deliver our commitments on joining the WTO and meet the requirements of our opening-up process, we will further improve the legal system of absorbing foreign investment, keeping the policies and laws for foreign inve