哈佛大学公开课《公平与正义》第2集中英文字幕

1、精选文档薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇

2、葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁

3、莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅

4、薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀

5、莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄

6、虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁

7、蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅

8、芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿

9、薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄

10、莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈

11、蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂

12、蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿

13、节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃

14、薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈

15、莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂

16、蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆

17、蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀

18、芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅

19、薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂

20、莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆

21、薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀

22、蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄

23、芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿

24、薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃

25、莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀

26、薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄

27、蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈

28、芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃

29、蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅莈蒄薂肇膁莀薁腿肄虿薀衿艿薅蕿羁肂蒁薈肄芈莇蚇螃肀芃蚇袆芆薁蚆羈聿薇蚅膀芄蒃蚄袀膇

30、荿蚃羂莂芅蚂肄膅薄蚁螄莁蒀螁袆膄莆螀罿荿节蝿肁膂蚁螈袁羅薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅肃莈螅螅芈芄螅袇肁薃袄羀芇葿袃肂肀莅袂螁芅芁袁羄肈蚀袀肆莃薆衿膈膆蒂衿袈莂莈蒅羀膄芄薄肃莀薂薃螂膃蒈薃袅 Funding for this programis provided by:本节目的赞助来自. .Additional funding provided by:另外的赞助来自. .Last time,we argued about上次,我们谈到the case ofThe Queen v. Dudley & Stephens,女王诉Dudley和Stephens案件,the lifeboat case,the case

31、 of cannibalism at sea.那个救生艇上,海上吃人的案件.And with the argumentsabout the lifeboat in mind,带着针对这个案件所展开的一些讨论the arguments for and againstwhat Dudley and Stephens did in mind,带着支持和反对Dudley和Stephens所做的吃人行为的讨论,lets turn back to the philosophy,the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham.让我们回头来看看Bentham的功利主义

32、哲学.Bentham was born in England in 1748.At the age of 12, he went to Oxford.Bentham于1748年出生于英国.12岁那年,他去了牛津大学.At 15, he went to law school.He was admitted to the Bar at age 1915岁时,他去了法学院.19岁就取得了律师资格but he never practiced law.但他没有从事于律师行业.Instead, he devoted his life tojurisprudence and moral philosophy

33、.相反,他毕生致力于法理学和道德哲学.Last time, we began to considerBenthams version of utilitarianism.上一次,我们开始考虑Bentham版本的功利主义.The main idea is simply statedand its this:简单来说其主要思想就是：The highest principle of morality,whether personal or political morality,道德的最高原则,无论个人或政治道德,is to maximize the general welfare,or the co

34、llective happiness,就是将公共福利,或集体的幸福最大化,or the overall balanceof pleasure over pain;或在快乐与痛苦的平衡中倾向快乐;in a phrase, maximize utility.简而言之就是,功利最大化.Bentham arrives at this principleby the following line of reasoning:Bentham是由如下推理来得出这个原则的：Were all governedby pain and pleasure,我们都被痛苦和快乐所控制,they are our sovere

35、ign masters,and so any moral system他们是我们的主宰,所以任何道德体系has to take account of them.都要考虑到这点.How best to take account?By maximizing.如何能最好地考虑这一点?通过最大化.And this leads to the principle of thegreatest good for the greatest number.从此引出的的原则就是将最大利益给最多数的人的.What exactly should we maximize?我们究竟该如何最大化?Bentham tells

36、 us happiness,or more precisely, utility -Bentham告诉我们幸福,或者更准确地说,实用-maximizing utility as a principlenot only for individuals最大化效用作为一个原则 不仅适用于个人but also for communitiesand for legislators.而且还适用于社区及立法者.What, after all, is a community?Bentham asks.“毕竟,什么是社区?” Bentham问道.Its the sum of the individualswho

37、 comprise it.它是构成这个社区的所有个体的总和.And thats why in decidingthe best policy,这就是为什么在决定最好的政策,in deciding what the law should be,in deciding whats just,在决定法律应该是什么样,在决定什么是公正时,citizens and legislatorsshould ask themselves the question公民和立法者应该问自己的问题if we add up all of the benefitsof this policy如果我们把这项政策所能得到的所有

38、利益and subtract all of the costs,the right thing to do减去所有的成本,正确的做法is the one that maximizes the balanceof happiness over suffering.就是将幸福与痛苦之间的平衡最大化地倾向幸福.Thats what it meansto maximize utility.这就是效用最大化.Now, today, I want to seewhether you agree or disagree with it,现在,我想看看你们是否同意它,and it often goes,thi

39、s utilitarian logic,往往有云：功利主义的逻辑,under the name ofcost-benefit analysis,名为成本效益分析,which is used by companiesand by governments all the time.也是被公司以及各国政府所常常使用的 .And what it involvesis placing a value,它的内涵是用一个价值usually a dollar value,to stand for utility on the costs通常是由美元,来代表不同提案的效用and the benefitsof v

40、arious proposals.这效用是基于成本和效益得出的Recently, in the Czech Republic,there was a proposal最近,在捷克共和国,有一个提案to increase the excise tax on smoking.Philip Morris, the tobacco company,对吸烟增加货物税.Philip Morris烟草公司,does huge businessin the Czech Republic.该公司在捷克共和国有着大笔生意.They commissioned a study,a cost-benefit analy

41、sis他们委托了一个研究,of smoking in the Czech Republic,and what their cost-benefit关于吸烟在捷克共和国的成本效益分析.analysis found was the governmentgains by having Czech citizens smoke.他们的分析发现,捷克政府将会因公民吸烟而收益.Now, how do they gain?现在,他们如何收益?Its true that there arenegative effects to the public finance确实,捷克政府的公共财政体系of the Cz

42、ech governmentbecause there are increased health care会因为吸烟人群所引发的相关疾病而增加的医疗保健开支,costs for people who developsmoking-related diseases.从而受到负面影响.On the other hand,there were positive effects另一方面,这也有积极效应and those were added upon the other side of the ledger.并且这些积极效益累加到了账簿的另一面The positive effects included

43、,for the most part,积极效益包括,在大多数情况下,various tax revenues that thegovernment derives from the sale政府通过卷烟产品而获得的各种税收收入,of cigarette products,but it also included但也包括health care savings to thegovernment when people die early,政府因为吸烟人群过早死亡而省下的医疗储蓄,例如pension savings - you dont have topay pensions for as long

44、 -养老金储蓄-不必支付退休金了-and also, savings inhousing costs for the elderly.还有,老年人住房费用.And when all of the costsand benefits were added up,当把所有的成本和效益都分别加起来,the Philip Morris study foundthat there is a net public finance gainPhilip Morris公司的研究发现,捷克共和国会有一个in the Czech Republicof $147,000,000,$147,000,000的公共财政净

45、增益,and given the savings in housing,in health care, and pension costs,并鉴于节省了住房费用,医疗保健费用,养老金费用,the government enjoys savingsof over $1,200 for each personwho dies prematurely due to smoking.每个因吸烟而过早死亡的人都为政府节省了$1,200.Cost-benefit analysis.成本效益分析.Now, those among youwho are defenders of utilitarianism现

46、在,你们中间,那些功利主义的捍卫者may think that this is an unfair test.可能认为这是一种不公平的测试.Philip Morris was pilloriedin the pressPhilip Morris公司在新闻界遭到了嘲笑 and they issued an apologyfor this heartless calculation.他们也因为这个无情的计算而发表了道歉.You may say that whats missing hereis something that the utilitarian你可能会说,功利主义在这里可以轻易弥补一个疏

47、漏can easily incorporate,namely the value to the person它没有正确评估人的价值and to the families of those who diefrom lung cancer.以及那些因为肺癌而死亡的人的家属的损失.What about the value of life?如何评估生命价值?Some cost-benefit analyses incorporatea measure for the value of life.一些成本效益分析的确纳入了对生命价值的评估.One of the most famousof these i

48、nvolved the Ford Pinto case.其中最有名的要数Ford Pinto案件.Did any of you read about that?你们有没有阅读过这个案件?This was back in the 1970s.那是发生在20世纪70年代.Do you rememberwhat the Ford Pinto was,你还记得Ford Pinto是,a kind of car?Anybody?什么样的车么?谁能记得?It was a small car,subcompact car, very popular,那是一种小型车,超小型车,很受欢迎,but it had

49、one problem,which is the fuel tank但它也有问题,车后座的油箱was at the back of the carand in rear collisions,少数情况下,碰撞会导致the fuel tank explodedand some people were killed油箱爆炸并且有些人会因此死去and some severely injured.还有人因此严重受伤.Victims of these injuriestook Ford to court to sue.这些受害者将福特告到法院.And in the court case,it turne

50、d out that Ford而在诉讼案件,人们发现福特原来had long since known about thevulnerable fuel tank早已知道油箱的脆弱and had done a cost-benefit analysisto determine whether it would be并且已做了成本效益分析,以确定是否worth it to put ina special shield that would值得来放入一个特殊的盾牌protect the fuel tankand prevent it from exploding.用来保护油箱并防止它爆炸.They

51、did a cost-benefit analysis.他们做了成本效益分析.The cost per partto increase the safety of the Pinto,增加Ford Pinto安全的每部件费用,they calculated at $11.00 per part.他们算出,要每部件$ 11.00.And heres - this was the cost-benefitanalysis that emerged in the trial.这里-这就是当时审判中出示的成本效益分析.Eleven dollars per partat 12.5 million car

52、s and trucks每件11美元,乘以12.5万辆轿车和卡车came to a total cost of$137 million to improve the safety.得到一个总成本,需要13700万美元来改善安全性.But then they calculated the benefitsof spending all this money不过,他们随后计算了一下花这笔钱来改善安全性的收益率on a safer carand they counted 180 deaths(如果不花这笔钱来改善安全,)假设会导致180人死亡and they assigned a dollar va

53、lue,$200,000 per death,他们对此用美元价值来代替,每个死去的人赔偿$ 200,000180 injuries, $67,000,and then the costs to repair,180人受伤的赔偿为每人$67,000,然后是维修受损车的费用,the replacement costfor 2,000 vehicles,2 000辆车,it would be destroyed withoutthe safety device $700 per vehicle.由于没有安装安全设施,每辆车将会需要$700来维修.So the benefits turned out

54、to beonly $49.5 million结论是总效益只有$49.5 million(相对于修复安全隐患总成本需要$137 million)and so they didntinstall the device.因此他们没有安装那个安全设备.Needless to say,when this memo of the毫无疑问,福特汽车公司的这个成本效益分析备忘录Ford Motor Companys cost-benefitanalysis came out in the trial,在审判中出现时,it appalled the jurors,who awarded a huge sett

55、lement.震惊了陪审团,也因此裁定了福特公司巨大的赔偿金额.Is this a counterexample to theutilitarian idea of calculating?这是一个功利主义计算的反例么?Because Ford included a measureof the value of life.因为福特引入了对生命价值的评估.Now, who here wants to defendcost-benefit analysis好,这里有谁想针对这一明显反例from this apparent counterexample?来捍卫成本效益分析?Who has a def

56、ense?谁来辩护?Or do you think thiscompletely destroys the whole或者你认为这一反例已经完全摧毁了utilitarian calculus?Yes?功利主义计算? 你来Well, I think that once again,theyve made the same mistake嗯,我想再次指出,他们犯了同样的错误the previous case did,that they assigned a dollar value和以前的情况一样,他们对人的生命赋予to human life,and once again,一个美元为单位的价值,同样的,they failed to take accountthings like suffering他们没有考虑到家属的痛苦和损失and emotio