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    基于PLC自动送料装车系统设计.doc

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    基于PLC自动送料装车系统设计.doc

    1基于PLC自动送料装车系统设计1绪论···························································································11.1自动送料装车系统简介························································11.1.1自动送料装车系统的特点····················································11.1.2自动送料装车系统的应用····················································11.2自动送料装车系统与其他机械系统共同的特征································11.3基于PLC自动送料装置简介·························································22PLC简介························································································32.1PLC简介············································································32.1.1PLC的特点········································································32.1.2PLC控制思路·····································································32.2PLC的功能··············································································52.3PLC电源················································································53自动送料装车系统总体方案······························································63.1概述·······················································································63.2控制要求·················································································63.3系统组成···············································································73.4工作原理···············································································84PLC控制系统设计···········································································94.1PLC控制系统设计的步骤···························································94.2设计中PLC控制系统语言··························································94.3程序设计与调试······································································104.3.1程序设计········································································104.3.2程序调试模拟··································································115动力装置选择···········································································125.1电动机的介绍·········································································125.1.1普通异步电动机·······························································125.1.2普通同步电动机·······························································135.1.3变频电动机·····································································135.2电动机选择·········································································145.3减速器的装配与调整································································156机械输送·····················································································176.1胶带输送机结构与工作过程·······················································176.1.1输送带···········································································176.1.2输送带的种类··································································1726.1.3张紧设计········································································186.2进卸料装置···········································································186.3支撑装置··············································································196.4驱动滚筒·············································································196.5联轴器·················································································206.6基本的计算及选用···································································206.6.1输送量计算·····································································206.6.2选用··············································································217检测装置·····················································································237.1传感器··················································································237.1.1传感器的定义··································································237.1.2传感器的分类··································································247.2选择温湿度传感器需要注意的问题··············································257.3定时器··················································································26结论····························································································28致谢····························································································29参考文献·······················································································30附录·····························································································31附录A(程序流程图)·······································································31附录B(硬件接线图)·······································································32附录C(梯形图)·············································································33附录D(仿真图)·············································································3631绪论随着科学技术的进步和经济的发展,工业生产中广泛使用各种各样的自动线,尤其是我国加入WTO后,自动线得到了更广泛的应用。PLC问世以来,尽管时间不长,但发展迅速。从网络的发展情况来看,可编程控制器和其它工业控制计算机组网构成大型的控制系统是可编程控制器技术的发展方向。制造业的控制主要以离散控制为主,PLC是该领域控制系统的首选。制造企业为提高劳动生产率和产品质量,必然会大量采用PLC,从而为PLC应用于自动生产线行业提供广阔的前景。1.1自动送料装车系统简介1.1.1自动送料装车系统的特点1.生产率高,自动化程度高为满足人民日常生活的迫切需求,必须大批量生产运输各类能源材料,需求各种高生产率、高自动化程度的机械系统。2.结构和动作复杂这是因为自动送料装车系统不仅用到机械传动原理系统的各种机构。而且还传输带的设计和选择电气自动化的各种检测和控制系统。3.振动问题突出现代自动线越来越趋向高速化,而机械高速和传动带的大量承载所引起的振动也影响到传输和生产率的提高。1.1.2自动送料装车系统的应用自动送料装车系统是用于物料输送的流水线设备,主要是用于煤粉、细砂等材料的运输装车。自动送料装车系统一般是由给料器、传送带、小车等单体设备组合来完成特定的过程。这类系统的控制需要动作稳定,具备连续可靠工作的能力。通过三台电机和三个传送带、料斗、小车等的配合,才能稳定、有效率地进行自动送料装车过程。1.2自动送料装车系统与其他机械系统共同的特征1.它们都是人为的实物组合;42.它们各部分之间具有确定的相对运动;3.在工作时能代替或减轻人类的劳动,或完成有用的机械功,或转换机械能。1.3基于PLC自动送料装置简介主要工作动力来源于交流伺服电机,当准确测算出系统的具体电机功率和控制节拍要求后,可以选择配套的交流伺服控制器和交流伺服电机。此次设计要求用PLC控制,结合电气元件组合成可自动化控制的系统。设备电气系统一般由电源、输入元件、控制中心、执行机构几部分组成。执行机构,执行工作命令,电气行业中常见的执行机构有:电动机(普通、带刹车、带离合)、电磁阀(控制油路或气路的通闭完成机械动作)、伺服马达(控制调节油路、气路的开度大小)等。52PLC简介2.1PLC简介早期的PLC只能做些开可编程序关量的逻辑控制,因而叫PLC,但近年来,PLC采用微处理器作为中央处理单元,不仅有逻辑控制功能,还有算术运算、模拟量处理甚至通信联网功能,正确应称为PC,但为了与个人计算机有所区别,仍称其为PLC。2.1.1PLC的特点1.灵活、通用:要改变控制功能,只要改变软件及少量的线路即可实现。2.可靠性高、抗干扰能力强:(1)硬件方面:采用微电子技术开关动作由无触点的半导体电路及大规模集成电路完成,CPU与输入输出之间,采用光电隔离措施,隔离了它们之间电的联系。(2)软件方面:有自身的监控程序,对强干扰信号、欠电压等外界环境定期检查,有故障时,存现状态到存储器,并对其封闭以保护信息;监视定时器WTD,检查程序循环状态,超出循环时间时报警;对程序进行校验,程序有错误进输出报警信息并停止执行。3.使用简单采用自然语言梯形图语言编程方式,编程容易,更改方便。输入输出接口可以与各种开关、传感器、继电器、接触器、电磁阀连接,接线简单。4.功能强、体积小纵向PLC不仅可能完成各种条件控制,还能完成模/数、数/模转换并进行数字运算,可以完成对模拟量的控制;横向可以控制一台至几台设备,还可实现远距离控制;重量轻,体积小,便于安装。2.1.2PLC控制思路按控制等效电路可分为三个部分:输入部分、输出部分及控制部分。1.输入部分:接收由各种主令电器发出的操作指令及由各种反映设备状态信息的输入元6件传来的各种状态信息。PLC的一个输入点单独对应一个内部继电器,当输入点与输入用的公用脚COM接通时,该输入继电器得电。2.输出部分:根据控制程序的执行结果直接驱动相应负载。在PLC内部设有输出继电器(可能是继电器形式,也可能是晶体管形式),每个继电器对应一个硬触点,当程序执行结果让输出继电器线圈通电时,该输出继电器的输出触点闭合,实现外部负载的控制运行。3.控制部分:是由用户自行编制的控制程序。它存放在PLC的用户程序存储器中,系统运行时,PLC依次读取用户程序存储器中的程序内容,并对它们进行解释并执行,执行结果送输出端子,以使相应的外部负载得到控制。PLC的用户程序采用梯形图的编程方式,它由继电器控制电路演变而来,所不同的是,它内部的继电器并非实际的继电器,而是“软”继电器,由软继电器组成的控制线路并不是真正意义上的物理连接,而只是逻辑关系上的连接(软接线)。PLC内部可区分为六个部分即:输入、输出、存储器、CPU、电源及操作显示部分。输入部分:负责采集外部指令及设备状态,以使CPU作出判断。输出部分:将CPU的运算结果向外部输出,以完成过程动作。存储器:存储用户程序及信息。CPU:执行各种逻辑及运算程序。电源:向输入输出及CPU提供电源。操作显示:向存储器输入用户程序或更改用户程序,显示程序运行状态。PLC主机有电源端子(交流供电型还设有供外部输入设备用的服务电源)、功能接地端子(抗干扰、防电击,务必接地)、保护接地端子(防触电)、输入输出端子及其LED(当对应的输入或输出端子ON时,相应的输入输出LED灯亮,但当CPU异常、I/O总线发生异常时所有输入LED灭;当内存异常及系统异常(FALS)发生时,所有输入LED保持发生异常时的状态,即使输入状态发生变化,输入的LED状态也不改变),PLC状态显示LED(POWER电源、RUN、运行、监视/编程、停止、ERROR/ALARM亮故障/闪警告、COM外设通讯亮),模拟设定电位器及扩展连接器。2.2PLC的功能71.逻辑控制功能:实现了接线逻辑到存储逻辑的飞跃;其功能从弱到强造车网,实现了逻辑控制到数字控制的进步;其应用领域从小到大,实现了单体设备简单控制到胜任运动控制、过程控制及集散控制等各种任务的跨越。今天的PLC在处理模拟量、数字运算、人机接口和网络的各方面能力都已大幅提高,成为工业控制领域的主流控制设备,在各行各业发挥着越来越大的作用。2.定时控制功能:利用PLC定时器来实现时间的控制,从而完成设备的顺序动作。3.计数控制功能:基于计数器的优异功能来实现程序的循环功能。4.步进(顺序)控制功能:运用定时器、计数器来对时间的控制,从而实现外围设备的顺序动作。5.PID控制功能:在S7-200中PID功能是通过PID指令功能块实现。通过定时(按照采样时间)执行PID功能块,按照PID运算规律,根据当时的给定、反馈、比例积分微分数据,计算出控制量。也就说这些参数是通过PLC的功能块实现的。6.数据控制功能:PLC具有数据处理能力7.通信和联网功能:PLC的联网就是为了提高系统的控制能力和范围,将分布在不同位置的PLC之间、PLC与计算机、PLC与智能设备通过传送介质连接起来,实现通信,已构成功能更强的控制系统。2.3PLC的电源PLC的电源在整个系统中起着十分重要得作用。如果没有一个良好的、可得电源系统是无法正常工作的,因此PLC的制造商对电源的设计和制造也十分重视。一般交流电压波动在+10%(+15%)范围内,可以不采取其它措施而将PLC直接连接到交流电网上去。

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