毕业设计（论文）-基于单片机的远程遥控系统的设计与实现.doc

西安石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）I远程遥控系统的设计与实现摘要:本设计是采用计算机技术和无线通信技术实现远程设备的控制，系统包括遥控器端和设备控制器端两个部分。遥控器部分由单片机、按键和无线发射器组成，其功能是通过不同的按键来接收不同的按键值，根据按键值向设备控制器端发送不同的控制代码。设备控制器端也是一个单片机控制系统，由单片机、直流电机、步进电机、显示灯和无线接收器组成，主要功能是根据接收的键值编码实现对不同设备运行状况的控制。系统控制距离较远，应用方便，可应用于家用电子器件的远程控制，还可应用于某些高危险操作下的远程控制，以及户外远距离通信。本论文描述了远程遥控系统的基本原理、方法和设计过程，论文主要包括：系统方案论证、系统整体结构设计、单元电路设计、系统软件设计等部分，介绍了远程遥控系统设计的基本思路，构建系统框架的方法以及在后期对系统的测试过程。系统方案论证是本设计的前提，系统整体结构设计规划了设计的整体方向和实现过程，是本设计的关键，单元电路设计是系统的最基本模块用来表述系统的工作原理以及各模块的工作原理。关键词：单片机；无线远程控制；直流电机；步进电机；驱动西安石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）IIRemotecontrolsystemdesignandimplementationAbstract:Thisdesignistousecomputertechnologyandwirelesscommunicationtechnologytorealizetheremoteequipmentcontrol.Systemincludesremoteterminalandequipmentcontrollerend.Remotepartiscomposedofmicrocomputer,keysandwirelesstransmitters.Itmakesdifferentkeyvaluesaccordingdifferentbuttonpushingandreturnequalcontrolcodestoequipmentcontrollerend.Equipmentcontrollerendisalsoasingle-chipmicrocomputercontrolsystem,composedbysingle-chipmicrocomputer,dcmotors,stepmotor,displaylightsandwirelessreceivercomposition,anditcontrolsdifferentequipmentsaccordingtothecontrolcodessentbyremoteterminal.Systemcontrolisconvenientforuse,andcanbeappliedinremotehouseholdelectronicscontrol,insomehighriskoperatingbyremotecontrolling,andoutdoorlongdistancecommunication.Thispaperdescribesthebasicprinciple,methodanddesignprocessofremotecontrolsystem.Thesismainlyincludes:systemschemecomparison,systemstructuredesign,unitcircuitdesign,systemsoftwaredesignpartandothers,introducesdesignbasicideaofremotecontrolsystem,thewaytoconstructthesystemframeworkandlatersystemtestingprocess.Systemsolutionargumentisthepremise.Overallsystemstructuredesignplansthedirection,implementationprocessandisthekeypartofthewholedesign.Unitcircuitdesignisthemostbasicmoduleandistodescribesystemworkingprincipleandeachmoduleworkingprinciple.Keywords:SCM,Wirelessremotecontrol,dcmotor,Steppingmotor,drive西安石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）I目录1绪论····································································································11.1引言···································································································11.2远程无线遥控控制的现状······································································12系统方案论证···························································································22.1系统介绍·····························································································22.2方案论证·····························································································32.3方案可行性研究···················································································42.3.1单片机选择····················································································42.3.2数据传输模块的选择·······································································42.3.3步进电机和直流电机选择·································································42.3.4驱动电路器件·················································································42.3.5按键控制电路·················································································42.3.6器件工作状态指示等·······································································43系统整体结构设计·····················································································53.1系统硬件总体设计················································································53.1.1遥控器硬件总体设计·······································································53.1.2控制器硬件总体设计·······································································63.2系统软件总体设计················································································73.2.1各程序实现方法·············································································73.2.2软件程序模块介绍··········································································74主要器件的选择及特点··············································································84.1AT89C52单片机··················································································84.1.1中央处理器CPU·············································································84.1.2存储器结构··················································································104.1.3AT89C52单片机对外引脚······························································114.2数据收发模块FSK-2A和CZS-7···························································134.2.1PT2262特点················································································134.2.2PT2262引脚图·············································································144.2.3PT2262基本参数··········································································144.2.4PT2272引脚图·············································································15西安石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）II4.2.5PT2262/2272芯片的地址编码设定和修改·········································154.2.6FSK-2A及模块基本介绍································································165单元电路设计·························································································215.1AT89C52单片机最小系统设计·····························································215.2按键模块设计····················································································225.3发送接收模块设计··············································································235.4直流电机驱动电路··············································································235.5步进电机驱动电路··············································································245.6控制器系统电路图··············································································245.7遥控器系统电路图··············································································256系统软件设计·························································································266.1系统软件设计说明··············································································266.2系统软件总体框图··············································································266.2.1遥控器模块软件框图·····································································266.2.2控制器模块软件框图·····································································277软硬件调试及性能···················································································297.1KEIL软件·························································································297.2单片机编程器····················································································297.3调试·································································································307.3.1检查电路·····················································································307.3.2无线数据发送接收模块调试···························································307.3.3直流电机驱动模块········································································307.3.4步进电机驱动测试········································································307.3.5开关模块的测试···········································································318结论····································································································32参考文献····································································································33致谢·······································································································34附录·······································································································35西安石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）11绪论1.1引言计算机硬件的发展十分迅速，尤其是无线控制技术在日常生活中的应用越来越广泛，以单片机作为控制器来开发无线控制模块价格便宜而且技术难度小，它是我们了解无线控制系统的基本途径和简单的方法，无线通信在国内的发展也十分迅速，但采用网络进行信号的传输的成本和技术要求十分高，所以人们开始考虑采用价格更为便宜性能更为可靠的单片机来带起网络来进行短距离的无线数据传输，如呼讲机就是一个比较典型的实例，还有些关键设备的无线控制。在这种大背景下我们有必要去了解一下基于单片机远程无线控制系统的工作原理。远程无线遥控控制就是其中一个比较典型和简单的实例，它的主要工作原理是通过基本按键产生不同数据，通过单片机把数据处理保存在相应的存储单元中，然后再由无线传输模块发送数据，在控制器端由接收模块接收数据，然后传给单片机，再有单片机处理数据，最后根据不同数据控制不同的设备。本次设计完成了基本的任务要求，实现了远程无线遥控控制，通过遥控器可以对远处的LED灯、直流电机以及步进电机进行控制。1.2远程无线遥控控制的现状远程无线控制在实际社会生活中的应用十分广泛，在家里可以对基本家用设备进行无线控制，如电源开关的控制、灯光的控制、还有门窗的开关控制等都十分方便。在户外也有很大发展空间，如可以做一个实时对讲机等无线语音器。本项目的改造潜力很大，可以在它控制器端加一个红外传感器就是一个远程温度检测仪了，也可以在控制器上加一个报警器就再把基本电路改造一下就成了一个远程报警系统了，可以应用与一些比较危险的产量中，用以实时报警确保人身安全。还可以和玩具生产商合作开发遥控玩具，如遥控汽车，遥控飞机等小玩具。西安石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）22系统方案论证2.1系统介绍本项目主要以实现远程遥控控制直流电机的正反转和步进电机的转速，实现数据在两单片机之间的传输为目的。通过现有的无线传输模块发送和接收数据，以实现远程控制的功能。也就是一种基于单片机远程控制系统的方案。本系统主要控制器按键发送不太数据、FSK-2A无线发送模块发送数据、接收模块接收数据、单片机控制相应器件。系统基本功能就是完成远程无线控制功能，其主要控制器件为直流电机和步进电机，只要原理是在遥控器这边可以通过按键来实现对控制器所要控制的器件进行控制。当遥控器按下目器件启动键，通过发送设备发送按键信息，控制器的数据接收端接收按键信息，处理后控制相应器件，其主要分为以下几个功能模块：（1）远程遥控控制遥控器通过16号按键向数据发送设备传输不同数据，再由控制器的数据接收模块接收遥控器发送的数据处理后控制相应器件。（2）遥控器显示被控器件工作状态遥控器上装有4个LED显示灯，分别显示被控器件的工作状态，LED1为显示1号设备的工作状态，当LED1发光时表明1号设备开始工作，当LED1熄灭时表明1号设备停止工作。LED2和LED3是直流电机的工作状态的显示，当LED2和LED3同时发光时表明直流电机开始正转动，当LED2发光LED3熄灭时表明直流电机反转，当LED2熄灭时LED3无论什么状态直流电机都不工作。LED4是步进电机的工作指示灯，当LED4发光时表明步进电机开始转动，反之表明步进电机停止工作。（3）复位功能复位是系统运行的基础，当系统上电或运行发生异常时就可以进行复位，使其恢复开机状态1。2.2方案论证对远程器件的控制，可有多种实现方法，分别举例如下：（1）通过专用线路控制用专用线路可保证控制信号稳定，不易受干扰，且信息量大，保密性好；但必须铺设专用通信线路，费用相当昂贵，无法实现更远程控制，且不能变换控制地点，对本系统没有太大实用价值。（2）利用无线电电波控制西安石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）3用调频无线电波控制可实现较远距离控制，且通信信息量大，地点可随意变换。操作较为方便。但设备昂贵，必须有专用调制解调设备，且极易受干扰，无法实现超远距离控制。控制方必须有配套控制器，成本较高，并占用无线电频率资源。不宜采用。（3）利用电力载波控制电力载波是一种较为成熟的通讯方式，目前低压传输线的数据传输能力已达几十kbit/s。由于这种通道具有某些不可比拟的特性:如实时性强、机械强度高、投资少等,其发展已越来越引人注目。但其也需要专用电力载波调制解调电路，必须有专用控制设备。且一但控制对象不在同一个电网内就无法实现有效控制，更无法实现远距离控制。而且电力线的线路阻抗和频率特性几乎每时每刻都在变化,所以通过电力线传输信息的可靠性也成为其最大的难点。（4）利用互联网控制使用Modem（调制解调器）与计算机的结合，利用当今流行的INTERNET网通信，可以实现控制信息的超远传递，而且控制信息可以非常复杂和丰富，信息量可以很大。但必须在控制方和被控制方各设置一台计算机及Modem，费用很高。且很不方便携带控制设备。无法实现随地控制。（5）利用单片机和无线数据收发设备控制利用单片机和无线数据收发设备控制，可以很大程度的减少成本，降低技术要求和开发周期。从而简化了项目的工作量。而且嵌入式系统在现在社会中的应用十分广泛，且技术比较成熟。综上选择利用单片机和无线收发模块远程控制是一个比较合理的选择，对于初学远程遥控控制原理的人，其简单易懂。2.3方案可行性研究利用现有单片机和现有的数据收发设备控制直流电机和步进电机，设计成本低，且极其方便实用，具有相当的可行价值，主要元器件的选择如下。2.3.1单片机选择在单片机的选用上，首选了模块简单，功能强大的AT89C52作为系统处理器来控制遥控器和设备控制器，按照设计要求最终选用ATMEL公司生产的AT89C52。关于该芯片的引脚功能及其工作原理在各种资料中已有详细的介绍，在此不再赘述。使用89C52完全可以满足本系统的设计要求，且89C52已相当普及，价格便宜编程简便可靠性高。运用于本系统是完全可行的。2.3.2数据传输模块的选择数据传输模块选择的是FSK-2A（数据发送模块），应为此类型的传输模块是并