液压三爪卡盘毕业设计.doc

河南工程学院毕业设计（论文）液压三爪卡盘学生姓名系（部）机械工程系专业数控技术指导教师2010年5月31日河南工程学院毕业设计（或论文）I摘要本论文设计一种在三爪卡盘上加装摆动式液压缸和平面螺旋机构的螺旋摆动式液压缸增力机构的结构。传统的机床如车床、铣床上三爪卡盘的工作一般依靠工人用手工进行夹紧,这不但增加了工人的劳动强度，而且所需夹紧力非常大,还常常有夹不紧的情况，阻碍了生产率的提高。通过在三爪卡盘加装摆动式液压缸和平面螺旋机构构成螺旋摆动式液压缸增力机构，可实现与原有卡盘体的较好结合,并使外加压力能转换成圆周运动,且其结构简单,工作可靠,能达到较高的增力比，具有良好的经济性和可行性。关键词：三爪卡盘，液压缸，夹具，增力河南工程学院毕业设计（或论文）IIAbstractThispaperdesigna3JavaCardtheinstallationoftheswinghydraulicpressuretankpeacesidespiralthespiralswinghydraulicpressuretankincreasedpowerstructure.Traditionalmachinetoolssuchaslathes,Miller,Chuck3Clawsofworkersingeneralrelyonamanualforgripping,thiswillnotonlyincreasetheintensityoftheworkoftheworkers,andtherequiredgrippingpowerisverygreat,butalsoafolderisnotimmediatelyareoftenthecase,hindertheincreaseinproductivity.The3Clawschucktheinstallationoftheswinghydraulicpressuretankpeacesidespiralinstitutionsconstituteaspiralswinghydraulicpressuretankincreasedauthoritytoachievetheoriginalchuckthebetter,andtheadditionalpressurecanbeconvertedintoacircularmovementandthesimple,reliable,canachieveahigherincreasetomorethanasoundeconomicandpractical.Keywords:Three-jawchuck,hydrauliccylindersclampsforce河南工程学院毕业设计（或论文）III目录前言·······················································································································1第1章夹具介绍···································································································21.1夹具的特点································································································21.2研究夹具的目的和意义················································································51.3夹具的国内外现状和发展趋势·······································································51.4夹具的基本结构和原理················································································6第2章三爪卡盘螺旋摆动式液压缸增力机构的结构和原理······························7第3章主要参数确定与结构计算······································································83.1液压腔的结构设计·······················································································83.2转子叶片数的设计······················································································83.3摆动角的设计·····························································································83.4定子圆柱活塞杠面积的设计·········································································8第4章凹槽轮廓线的设计··················································································104.1轮廓面段数的确定····················································································104.2活塞杠升程的确定····················································································104.3参数1的设计·························································································114.4参数的设计··························································································13第5章夹具在安装和操作时应注意的事项························································145.1夹具的安装······························································································145.2夹具在操作时应注意的事项·······································································14第6章夹具的经济效益分析··············································································16第7章单工位夹具与成组夹具的分析································································187.1定位基准与定位元件的选择·········································································187.2夹紧元件与夹紧力的选择·············································································187.3夹具基体的设计夹具基体·············································································187.4机壳成组夹具结构······················································································19第8章误差分析··································································································228.1定位误差分析···························································································228.2装备误差分析··························································································22参考文献··············································································································24致谢·····················································································································25河南工程学院毕业设计（或论文）1前言随着我国改革开放的不断深入，市场经济体系的不断完善，我国工业逐渐向成熟化发展。在整个机械工业中，设计在其中占有的地位日益显现出来。工业设计主要包括三个方面的内容。第一是产品设计,第二是与产品有关的视觉传达设计，如产品的包装、商业广告等平面设计。第三是由产品设计扩展的环境设计如产品的展示与陈列，商品橱窗设计以及室内设计等。产品设计作为工业设计的核心，它涉及的面广，从人们的衣食住行，到社会的各行各业，产品设计无时不有，无时不在。产品设计的对象既包括一般的日用生活制品，也包括工业生产的机床，加工工具；既包括家用小电器产品，也包括专业的仪器，仪表；既包括私有的自行车，摩托车，也包括大型的汽车，飞机等交通工具；“从口红到宇宙飞船”都是属于产品的设计的范畴，本论文主要针对加工工具设计，在一定范围内又称“加工辅助设计”，即机床夹具体的设计。本论文设计一种在三爪卡盘上加装摆动式液压缸和平面螺旋机构的螺旋摆动式液压缸增力机构的结构。传统的机床如车床、铣床上三爪卡盘的工作一般依靠工人用手工进行夹紧,这不但增加了工人的劳动强度，而且所需夹紧力非常大,还常常有夹不紧的情况，阻碍了生产率的提高。通过在三爪卡盘加装摆动式液压缸和平面螺旋机构构成螺旋摆动式液压缸增力机构，可实现与原有卡盘体的较好结合,并使外加压力能转换成圆周运动,且其结构简单,工作可靠,能达到较高的增力比，具有良好的经济性和可行性。河南工程学院毕业设计（或论文）2第1章夹具介绍1.1夹具的特点在机床上加工工件时,我们可以看到两种不同的情况:一种是用划针或指示表等量具,按工件的某一表面,或者按工件表面上所划的线进行找正,使工件在机床上处于所需要的正确位置,然后夹紧工件进行加工；另一种是把工件安装字夹具上进行加工。为了在工件的某一部位上加工出符合规定技术要求的表面,一般都按工件的结构形状,加工方法和生产批量的不同,采用各种不同的装置将工件准确,方便的而可靠地安装在机床上,然后进行加工.这种用来安装的工件以确定工件与切削刀具的相对位置并将工件夹紧的装置称为“机床夹具”。在实际的生产中,例如活塞,连杆的生产线上,几乎每道工序中都采用了夹具。十分明显,如果不采用夹具,不但工件的加工精度难以保证,而且加工生产率也会大大降低,有时甚至会造成无法加工的情况。除了机床加工时需要使用夹具外,有时在检验,装配等的工序中也要用到夹具,因之在这种场合中用到的夹具可分别称为“检验夹具”和“装配夹具”。机床夹具通常是指装夹工件用的装置:至于装夹各种刀具用的装置,则一般称为“辅助工具”。辅助工具有时也广义地包括在机床夹具的范围内。按照机床夹具的应用范围,一般可分为通用夹具,专用夹具和可调整式夹具等。通用夹具是在普通机床上一般都附有通用夹具,如车床上的卡盘,铣床上的回转工作台,分度头,顶尖座等。它们都一标准化了,具有一定的通用性,可以用来安装一定形状尺寸范围内的各种工件而不需要进行特殊的调整。但是,在实际生产中,通用夹具常常不能够满足各种零件加工的需要；或者因为生产率低而必须把通用夹具进行适当的改进；或者由于工件的形状,加工的要求等的不同须专门设计制造一种专用夹具,以解决生产实际的需要。专用夹具是为了适应某一工件的某一工序加工的要求而专门设计制造的,其功用主要有下列几个方面:1.保证工件被加工表面的位置精度,例如与其他表面间的距离精度,平行度,同轴度等。对于外行比较复杂,位置精度要求比较高的工件,使用通用夹具进行加工往往难以达到精度要求。2.缩短了工序时间,从而提高了劳动生产率。进行某一工序所需要的时间,其中主要包括加工工件所需要的机动时间和装卸工件等所需要的辅助时间两部分。采用专用夹具后,安装工件和转换工位的工作都可以大为简化,不再需要画线和找正,缩短了工序的辅助时间并且节省河南工程学院毕业设计（或论文）3了画线这个工序,从而提高了劳动生产率.在生产中由于采用了多工件平行加工的夹具,使同时加工的几个工件的机动时间将与加工一个工件的机动时间相同。采用回转式多工位连续加工夹具,可以在进行切削加工某个工件的同时,进行其它工件的装卸工作,从而使辅助时间与机动时间相重合。总之,随着专用夹具的采用和进一步改善,可以有效地缩短工序时间,满足生产不断发展的需要。3.采用专用夹具还能扩大机床的工艺范围。例如在普通车床上附加镗模夹具后,便可以代替镗床工作；装上专用夹具后可以车削成型表面等,以充分发挥通用机床的作用。4.减轻劳动强度,保障安全生产。根据生产需要,采用一些气动,液压或其它机械化,自动化程度较高的专用夹具,对于减轻工人的劳动强度,保障生产安全和产品的稳质高产都有很大作用。加工大型工件时,例如加工车床床身上,下两面上的螺孔,需要把床身工件翻转几次进行加工,劳动强度大而且不安全。采用电动回转式钻床家具后,就能够达到提高生产效率,减轻劳动强度,保障生产安全的目的。专用夹具在生产上起着很大的作用,那么是不是在任何场合都要设计和采用呢!这个问题就是具体问题具体的分析。上面说的关于专用夹具在生产中的作用,只是事物的一个方面。另一方面,由于夹具的设计,制造和所用的材料等须消耗一定的费用,增加了产品的成本。因之,在什么情况下采用什么样的夹具才是经济合算的,这是一个大问题,特别对于重大的,设计制造工作量大的专用夹具需与工人师傅等三结合共同研究解决。事物总是一分为二的,专用夹具也存在缺点,即专用夹具的专用性和产品多样性的矛盾。由于专用夹具只适用于一个工件加工的某一个工序,因而随着产品品种的不断增多,夹具数量也不断上升,造成存放和管理上的困难；而当某产品不再进行生产时,原来的夹具一般都无法重新利用,造成浪费.同时,专用夹具的设计生产时间周期长,与生产的迅速发展也有矛盾。但是在当前成批生产的机械工厂中,多数还是采用通用机床加上专用夹具进行工件的机械加工。可调整夹具是为了扩大夹具的使用范围,弥补专用夹具只适用与一个工件的某一特定工序的缺点,正在逐步推广使用可调整式的夹具。可调整式夹具一般可分为标准化夹具,成组夹具和组合夹具等。1.标准化夹具:标准化夹具就是利用本厂已规格化了的部分或全部标准零件装配成的专用夹具。专用夹具中的大件,如夹具体,以及定位元件,夹紧件和机械夹紧用的气缸部件等,经过标准化,尺寸规格化后有利于工厂成批准备配件,成批加工,这样可使夹具的设计,制造工作加快,节省费用。另外,当产品更改,夹具不再使用时可以拆开,把标准零件保存起来,备以后使用。2.成组夹具:多品种,小批量生产的机械加工车间中,往往可以采用成组加工法。采用成组加工法,是把多种产品的零件按加工所用的机床和刀具,夹具等工艺装备的共性分组,同一组的零件能在同一台机床上用共同的工艺装备和调整方法进行加工。例如分成轴类,套类,盘类,