英语论文 跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通.doc

论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQ625880526IntroductionAsthetrendofglobalizationisstrengthenedstepbystep,internationalcommunicationisfrequentandimportantdaybyday.Thus,thesignificanceofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunicationhasbeengreatlyrealized.“Researchshowsthatwhenpeoplemeetsomeoneforthefirsttime,only7%oftheirinitialimpactonothersisdeterminedbythecontentofwhattheysay；theother93%oftheirmessageismadeupofbodylanguage(55%)andthetoneoftheirvoice（38%）.”Bodylanguagehelpsustomanageandguardagainstthesetendencies,andalso-significantlyespeciallyinflirting/dating/matingrituals-bodylanguageoftenhelpspeopletocommunicateandresolverelationshipissueswhenconsciousbehaviourandspeechfailstodoso.Bodylanguagehasevolvedinspiteofhumanawarenessandconsciousintelligence:ratherlikeaguardianangel,bodylanguagecanhelptakecareofus,connectingustokindredsouls,andprotectingusfromthreats.Whiletheimportanceofbodylanguageincommunicationsandmanagement,etc.,hasbecomeapopularinterestandscienceinthelastfewdecades,humanbeingshavereliedonbodylanguageinstinctivelyinmanywaysformanythousandsofyears.Andthusthispaperintendstopresentitsmeaningandclassification,culturaldifferencesandanalyzethefactorsthatinfluencebodythatinfluenceourcommunicationofbodylanguagesothatwecanimproveourcommunicationskillsandabilitiesbyunderstandingitwell.论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQ6258805262BodyLanguage2.1DefinitionofBodyLanguageBodylanguageisatermforcommunicationusingbodymovementsorgesturesinsteadof,orinadditionto,sounds,verballanguageorothercommunication.Itformspartofthecategoryofparalanguage,whichdescribesallformsofhumancommunicationthatarenotverballanguage.Thisincludesthemostsubtleofmovementsthatmanypeoplearenotawareof,includingwinkingandslightmovementoftheeyebrows.Inadditionbodylanguagecanalsoincorporatetheuseoffacialexpressions.Westernscholarshavemadealotofdefinitionsaboutit,themostvividandspecificdefinitionisthatbodylanguageisthenon-verballanguagewhichcanexpressinformationthatlanguagecannotexpressandtheactionsmostpeoplecanunderstand.Togetgoodatreadingbodylanguage,gooutanddothe“R”overandover.Openyoureyesandears.Turnoffyourbiased,over-analyticalbrainandobservethewayachildobserves.Atoddlerseesobjectsandactionsinamorestand-alonewaythanadults,whogotoextraordinarymeanstomakeconnections.Hehasnopreexistingframeworktooverlayhisobservationsonto,sohesamuchbettercollectorofpurebodylanguagethanolder,wellsocializedpeople.Ifyouplaceawrappedboxonthetableinfrontofayoungchildcapableofspeech,thequestionsareendless.Asyougetolder,youanswerthequestionsforyourself,assumingyouknowwhateverythingmeans.2.2TheClassificationofBodyLanguageBodylanguagecanbedividedintoeyecontractlanguage,bodytoucheslanguage,postureandgesture,manner,facialexpression,flavorlanguage,proxemicsandclotheslanguage.Andinthispaperjustintroducefourofthem:eyecontract,bodydistance,facialexpressionandgesture.2.2.1EyecontractA16thcenturyproverbcallstheeyesthewindowstothesoul.Morethan500years论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQ625880526later,theproverbhasassumedthestatureofgospel.Whenyoureallyunderstandtheeyes,youllseehowclosetheproverbistothemark.Someofthefollowingwordsusedtodescribeapersonseyesarehearddaily:direct,sensual,sardonic,expressive,intelligent,penetrating,sad,cheerful,worldly,hard,trusting,andsuspicious.Moststudents,aswellasyourpersonalobservations,tellyouthatculturemodifiestheamountofeyecontactinwhichyouengageandwhoistherecipientoftheeyecontact.IftwoArabiansareinconversation,theywilllookateachotherwarmly.Becausetheythinkeyesarethekeyoftheirexistence.ButinAmericaneyes,theythinkthisbehaviorisunsuitableorahomosexualbehavior.TheeducatedEnglishmenbelievedirecteyecontactwithourcommunicatorsisgentlemanly.Japaneseoftenlookattheothercommunicatorsneckwhentheyareinconversation.Theybelieveeyecontactisimpolite.AndChineseconsidergazingpeopleisanunfriendlybehavioranditisachallenge.SomeSouthAmericanIndiansusedtolookatdifferentdirectionswhentheyaretalking.IntheMiddleEast,itisconsideredextremelyprovocativeforawomantoletamancatchhereyes,letalone,returnhisgaze.2.2.2GestureGestureactionlanguageisahighlyexpressivebodylanguage,itisnotonlyrichindiversity,butalsosimpleandintuitive,soIuseawiderange,highfrequency,effectivegood.Agoodexampleistheawardin2005CCTVSpringFestivalGalasmostpopulardanceaudienceshowspecialawardcategoryofAvalokitesvara,21liveinthesilentgirlintheworldofsignlanguagewiththeirhundredsofmillionstothenationtransmissionofinformationtheaudiencetoexpressNewYearsblessing.Inaverygeneralsense,weallusegesturestoreinforceanideaortohelpdescribesomething.Whenwesay,“ThatsanEnglishbook”,atthesametimewearepointingtothebook.Ifsomeoneasksusthewaytothelibrary,wepointtotheright,addingalittleinformationaboutit,whichwillbemoreclearandconcrete.Weliketouseourhandsto论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQ625880526indicatethedimensionswhensomeoneasksustodescribethesizeorshapeofsomething.Americansoftentouchtheirtemplestoexpresssomebodyscleverness.ButthisactionmeansthereissomethingwrongwithonesmindoroneisstupidtoChinese.ChineseareoftensurprisedtoseeAmericanslaytheirhandsontheirneckswhentheyarefull.BecauseitisansuicideactiontoChinese,whousedtoexpressfullnessbypattingtheirstomachs.Andanotherexample,2.2.3FacialexpressionFaceistheorganofexpression.Morrisconjecturedthatitistheeasiesttocontrolbecauseitistheclosesttothebrain.Whenitcomestotheface,Ithinkweredealingwithaparadox:Thefaceisboththeeasiestandthehardestareaofthebodytocontrol.Therearemanythingswedowithourfacesthatwearentevenawareofbecausetheyaresecondnature.Alotofemotioncomesoutthroughthebrowinbothvoluntaryandinvoluntaryexpressions.Weusetheforeheadmuscleswhenwenormallyinteractwithpeople,evenonthephone,andwedevelopwrinklesasaresult.IfMorriswererightandwecancontrolthemusclesinthefacemoreeasilythanothers,thenwewouldntbeusingsomuchBotox.Wecouldvoluntarilystopusingthemusclesthatcreatetheproblem,andevenvoluntarilyreversetheprocessofwrinklingbyexercisingthem.Inaddition,ifthefacewereunderourcontrol,morefacialmovementswouldbecultural,notuniversal.Facialmovementsbecomepracticedbehaviorovertime,becausewelearnhowtopresentanevensmilewhenmeetingsomeoneandanarchedeyebrowwhenourkiddropsmustardonthefloor.Buttheplethoraofmusclesinourfacesmakesithardforustokeeptrackofthem.Weoftendonotevenrealizetherangeofemotionsandphysiologicalreactionsweexpresswithourfaces.Whatdoesthatupturnedbrowmean?Isthereadifferenceifthepersonsendingthemessageismaleorfemale?Ifthereceiverismaleorfemale?Theheadistheworkhorseofcommunication.Andalthoughmuchofwhatitconveysisintentional,westillleakmessagesthatareimpossibletocover.2.2.4Bodydistance论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQ625880526Psychologistsdiscoveranypersonneedspersonalspace,yetskinsarenottheboundaryofpersonalspace,theirpersonalspacesareencircledbybubblesandotherpeoplecantbreakinatwill.Peoplealwayscarrypersonalspacewiththemnomatterhowfartheywillgo,andtheyalwayshaveakindofinstinctivecommonsenseofself-guard.Sothespeakerstalkingwithhimneedtokeepadistanceduringconversationtoavoidoffence.TheanthropologistandsocialistDoctorHalladvanced4kindsofdefinitionsforit.1.Intimatedistance(0-45cm)properforspouseandlovers；2.personaldistance(5-120cm)Properforfriends,acquaintances,andrelatives；3.socialdistance(120-360cm)properfordealingwithimpersonalthing；4,publicdistance(360-750cm)properforinformalparty."TakeBritainandItalianforexample,therewouldbeaveryinterestingsensewhenpeoplefromthetwocountriesaretalkingtoeachother.ItseemsthattheItalianwouldalwaysbetheaggressorwhiletheEnglishbethedefender.However,intheirowncondition,theyjustwanttoholdthecommunicationspacetheyusedto."Apersonsuseofspaceisdirectlylinkedtothevaluesystemoftheirculture.Forexample,orientalpeoplecouldbearthephysicaltouchinacrowdbus,whilewesternpeoplemayfinditunabletoendure.Astopersonalspace,Chinese,Japanese,evenmostofAsianpeoplehavefewerrequirementsthanwesternpeople.Forwesternersvaluemoreonindividualism.2.3FunctionsofNonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcommunication,likeverbalcommunicationisalsoapartofcultureandthecarrierofacertainculture.Thefunctionofnonverbalcommunicationinthewholecommunicationcantbeoverlooked.“Inthedailycommunication,wecanseepeoplecantcommunicateefficientlybyverballanguagealone.Andnonverbalcommunicationwillexpressclearmeaningsinacertaincontext.Andacertainnonverbalcommunicationshouldbeconnectedwithverbalcommunicationortheothernonverbalcommunicationtoprovidecorrectinformation.”Soincommunicativeactivities,nonverbalcommunicationalsoplaysagreatrole.Ofcourse,weshouldpaycloseattentiontothefunctionsof论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQ625880526nonverbalcommunication.“Inanycase,whenverbalcommunicationconflictswithnonverbalcommunication,peoplearewillingtoaccepttheinformationnonverbalcommunicationdelivers.Becausenonverbalcommunicationsoundsmorenatural,moreinstinctiveanditishardtopretend.”Obviously,weshouldmakefulluseofnonverbalcommunicationtoachieveefficientcommunication.Now,wewilldiscussthefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication.Repetition.Forexample,whenwetellpeoplehowtogettothenearesthospital,wearenotonlytellingthemthedirectionbutalsopointingtothedirectionwithhands.Supplement.Forinstance,wegreetpeoplewithasmile.Smilefunctionsasasupplementtothepleasureofmeetingpeople.Replacement.Whenwecommunicatewithothers,wewillfrowninsteadofaskingdirectlytohintthatwedontunderstandandexpectrepetitionorexplanation.Emphasis.Whenwearetalkingormakingaspeech,weoftenraiseourvoicetostressthecontent.Andsometimes,wesay,“Itismyfault”whilehungdownourheads.Wesmileandsay,“Welcome”.Weshoutouttothepeoplewhilewavingourfists.Allthenonverbalcommunicationhereemphasizeswhatwesay.Adjustment.Weoftensuggestthatourtalkisoverbyourtone,eyes,headnoddingandothernonverbalcommunicativebehaviors.Forexample,themanagerstandsuptoshowtheendoftheinterview.论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQ6258805263TheCommonlyUsedofBodyLanguageBodylanguageisthemostimportantbehaviorofnonverbalcommunication.Forexample,ChineseTibetansstretchouttheirtongueswhenmeetingpeople,thisisthewaytoexpresstheirpolitenessandrespect,butwhenAmericansdoingthis,theywanttoexpressdespitetoothers.Sobodylanguagemaycausedifficultiesandmisunderstanding,leadtofailureininterculturalcommunication.Followingaresomeexamplesofusesomeofthenonverbalmessagesininterculturalcommunicationwhichfrequentlyappearinthecourseofcommunicationandmighteasilycausemisunderstanding.Followingaresomeexamplesofusesomeofthenonverbalmessagesininterculturalcommunicationwhichfrequentlyappearinthecourseofcommunicationandmighteasilycausemisunderstanding.3.1GreetingInAsiancountries,therearesomecommongreetinggestures,theyarehandshaking,bowing,avoideyecontact.InChina,thewesterncustomofshakinghandsisthecustomaryformofgreeting,butoftenanodoftheheadorslightbowissufficient.Huggingandkissingwhengreetingareuncommon.Businesscardsareoftenexchanged,andyoursshouldbeprintedinyourownlanguageandinChinese.Also,itismorerespectfultopresentyourcard(oragiftoranyotherarticle)usingbothhands.TheChineseareenthusiasticapplauders.Youmaybegreetedwithgroupclapping,evenbysmallchildren.Whenapersonisapplaudedinthisfashionitisthecustomforthatpersontoreturntheapplauseora"thankyou."Whenwalkinginpublicplaces,directeyecontactandstaringisuncommoninthelargercities,especiallyinthoseareasaccustomedtoforeignvisitors.However,insmallercommunities,visitorsmaybethesubjectofmuchcuriosityandthereforeyoumaynoticesomestares.InJapan,thegracefulactofbowingisthetraditionalgreeting.However,theyhavealsoadoptedthewesterncustomofshakinghands,albeitwithalightgripandperhapswith