欢迎来到人人文库网! | 帮助中心 人人文档renrendoc.com美如初恋!
人人文库网
全部分类
  • 图纸下载>
  • 教育资料>
  • 专业文献>
  • 应用文书>
  • 行业资料>
  • 生活休闲>
  • 办公材料>
  • 毕业设计>
  • ImageVerifierCode 换一换
    首页 人人文库网 > 资源分类 > PDF文档下载  

    外文资料--Product modularization for life cycle engineering.pdf

    • 资源ID:93296       资源大小:622.64KB        全文页数:15页
    • 资源格式: PDF        下载积分:1积分
    扫码快捷下载 游客一键下载
    会员登录下载
    微信登录下载
    三方登录下载: 微信开放平台登录 支付宝登录   QQ登录   微博登录  
    二维码
    微信扫一扫登录

    手机扫码下载

    请使用微信 或支付宝 扫码支付

    • 扫码支付后即可登录下载文档,同时代表您同意《人人文库网用户协议》

    • 扫码过程中请勿刷新、关闭本页面,否则会导致文档资源下载失败

    • 支付成功后,可再次使用当前微信或支付宝扫码免费下载本资源,无需再次付费

    账号:
    密码:
      忘记密码?
        
    友情提示
    2、PDF文件下载后,可能会被浏览器默认打开,此种情况可以点击浏览器菜单,保存网页到桌面,就可以正常下载了。
    3、本站不支持迅雷下载,请使用电脑自带的IE浏览器,或者360浏览器、谷歌浏览器下载即可。
    4、本站资源(1积分=1元)下载后的文档和图纸-无水印,预览文档经过压缩,下载后原文更清晰。
    5、试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓。

    外文资料--Product modularization for life cycle engineering.pdf

    RoboticsandComputerIntegratedManufacturing15(1999)387401ProductmodularizationforlifecycleengineeringP.Gu!,*,S.Sosale"!DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,TheUniversityofCalgary,2500UniversityDrive,Calgary,Alberta,CanadaT2N1N4"ImperialRubber,Ltd.,Edmonton,CanadaReceived24January1999;receivedinrevisedform15July1999;accepted10August1999AbstractModularproductsconsistofdetachablemodules,whichcanbemanufactured,assembled,andservicedseparately.Someofthemodulesmaybereusable,recyclableorre-manufacturableuponproductretirement.Thus,modulardesigncanprovidebene"tstomanyaspectsofproductlifecycle.Thispaperpresentsanintegratedmodulardesignmethodologyforlifecycleengineering.Themethodologyconsistsofthreephases:problemde"nition,interactionanalysisandmoduleformation.Themethodologyidenti"esthefactorsrelatedtothedesignobjectives,relatesthesefactorstodesigncomponentsthroughinteractionanalysis,andclusterscomponentsintomodules.Twocasestudiesalongwithdetailedanalysisareprovidedtoillustratethemethodologyandthealgorithms.(1999ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionModulardesignaimstodevelopproductarchitectureconsistingofphysicallydetachableunits(modules).Therearemanyadvantagesformodularproducts.Forexample,bycarefullymodularizingaproduct,thede-signsfortheearliermodelscanbeusedinanewmodelwithoutanychanges.Modulardesigncanalsohelpincreatingarangeofproductswithminorvariances.Additionalandauxiliarymodulescouldbeaddedtoaproducttocreatenewmodels.Modulardesignalsoallowssomecomponentstobeusedacrossproductvariantsandproductlinesduetostandardizationofthefunctionsandinterfaces.Recentstudyindicatedthatafterproductsareretired,someofthemodulesmightbereusable,orremanufacturable.Infact,modulardesigncancreatebene"tsformanyaspectsofaproductlifecyclesuchasdesign,assembly,servicesandrecycling1,2.Thus,thereisaneedfordevelopingasystematicap-proachformodulardesignrelatingtoproductlifecycleengineering.Researchinlifecycleengineeringandcon-currentengineeringhassuggestedthatthemostimpor-tantdecisionsbemadeatthedesignstages38.*Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:guenme.ucalgary.ca(P.Gu)Therefore,productdesign,modellingandintegrationhavereceivedsigni"cantattentions9,10.Theobjectiveofthisresearchistodevelopanewmodulardesignmethodologytoaddressproductlifecycleconcernsatthedesignstage.Toachievethede"nedlifecycleengineeringobjectivesthroughmodulardesign,therelationshipsbetweentheobjectivesandthemodulesshouldbeestablished.Asproductfunctionsarerealizedbyphysicalstructures,therelationshipsbetweenfunctionsandphysicalsolutionsshouldalsobedetermined.Essentially,modulardesigndecomposesaproductorgroupscomponentsintosepar-atemodules.Specialcaremustbetakentoensurethatseparationormergerofcomponentsdoesnota!ecttheintendedfunctionsoftheproduct.Thisrequiresthecon-siderationoffunctionalandphysicalinteractionsamongcomponents.Functionalinteractionsareusuallyexpressedintheformoftheexchangeofmaterial,energyand/orsignal.Theycanbeextractedfromthefunctionalstructureoftheproduct.Whenmodulesthatexchangethefunctionoperandsareseparated,specialprovisionsareneededforinterfacing;otherwisetheexpectedfunctionsmaybea!ected.Physicalinteractionsrefertospatialandgeometricalrelationships.Theyincludeattachment(physicalcontacts,"xationsandstops,joints,fasteners,couplings,weldsandthelike),positioning(relativedistanceoranglebetween0736-5845/99/$-seefrontmatter(1999ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:S0736-5845(99)00049-6components,alignmentincludingcoaxial,collinear,par-allel,perpendicularand#ushalignments),motion(cam-controlledobjects,trajectoryofjointsandend-e!ectors,etc.)andcontainment(e.g.componentscontainedwithinthesamehousing).Thesephysicalandstructuralcon-straintsmustbeconsideredwhencomponentsaregroupedintomodules.Forproductassembly,productarchitectureshouldbedesignedtoensuree$cientassemblyprocessandquality.Di!erentmodularizationofaproductwilldirectlya!ectassemblyprocedures,assemblye$ciencyandcosts,espe-ciallylargestructureassembly11.Modularizationwillallowmodulesproduced,assembledandtestedinconve-nientlocationswithequipment,toolsandexpertise.Forproductreuseandrecycling,di!erentcomponentsofaproductmayhavedi!erentlifeduration.Whenaproductretires,theremaybesomeusablecomponents,andsomecomponentsmayberecoveredbyre-manufac-turing.Modulardesigncangroupthesecomponentsintoeasilydetachablemodulessuchthattheycanbeeasilyreusedorremanufactured.Forrecycling,materialcompatibilityshouldbecon-sideredasdi!erentmaterialswhichmayrequiredi!erentrecyclingordisposalmethods.Amodularproductcanfacilitatetheseparationandsortingofdi!erentmaterialsforproperrecyclingordisposalprocesses.Asaconcept,modulardesignhasbeenexploredbymanyresearchers1113.Variousdesignmethodshavebeenproposed.Themethodsofusingfunctionalstruc-turesformodularizationcomposedmodulesbygroupingthefunction-relatedelementstogether1315.EppingerandPimmler16usedphysicalrelationsformoduledesign.Erixon17proposedtousequalityfunctiondeployment(QFD)tomodularizeaproduct.Hillstrom12applieddesignaxiomstoevaluatetheinterfacesamongmodules.Mistreeetal.18demonstratedwithanexamplethatthereisarelationshipbetweentheinde-pendenceamongmodulesandreducinginteractionsbetweenthem.KusiakandHuang19proposedanapproachformodularizingaproductbyconsideringthecostsandperformanceofaproduct.Tomodularizeaproduct,clusteringalgorithmsareoftenused.EppingerandPimmler16usedaheuristicswappingalgorithmtoclustercomponentsintomodules.Newcombetal.20usedtheclusteringalgorithmde-velopedbyKusiakandChow21toidentifymodulesinaproduct.Kusiakandco-workershavedevelopedsev-eralclusteringalgorithms,whichcanbeusedforcom-ponentclustering2224.Thispaperisorganizedasfollows:Thefollowingsectionintroducesthelifecycleengineeringobjectivesofmodulardesign.Theproposedmethodologyisthenprovided.Todemonstratethemethodologyandtheal-gorithms,twocasestudiesaregiveninthefollowingsection.The"nalsectionisthediscussionsandthecon-clusions.2.ProductlifecycleobjectivesofmodulardesignAproductlifecycleembracesanumberofissuesincludingdesign,manufacturing,assembly,testing,shipping,distribution,operation(use),services,reuse,re-manufacturing,recyclinganddisposal.Ideally,amodulardesigncanachievealltheselifecycleobjec-tivessimultaneously.Inreality,di!erentobjectivesmayrequiredi!erentmodulestobeformed.Consequently,con#ictsmayoccur.Acompromiseisoftenrequiredformakingdesigndecisions.Thefollowingisalistofthemodulardesignobjectivesrelatingtoproductlifecyclebene"ts.1.Dividingdesigntaskforparalleldevelopment.Designofcomplexproductsmayrequiredesignteamsconsistingofexpertsfromdi!erentdisciplines.Sequentialdevelop-mentofsuchproductsmaytakealongtime.Bybreakingdowntheoveralldesignanddevelopmenttaskintosimplersub-tasksandproperlyde"ningtheinterfacesbetweenthesub-tasks,designteamscancarryoutthesub-tasksinparalleltoreduceproductdesignanddevel-opmenttime.2.Productionandassemblyimprovement.Modulesareessentiallyindependententitiesforaproductwithde-"nedinterfaceswithothermodulesandcomponents.Modulescanbemanufacturedseparatelyindi!erentlocationstofacilitateproductionprocessesandexpertise,andtooptimizeequipmentutilization.Productarchitecturea!ectsassemblye$ciencyoftheproduct.Di!erentscenariosofmodularitymayresultindi!erentassemblyprocedureswithdi!erentassemblytimesandcosts.Incomparisonwithintegralarchitec-turesofproducts,especiallyforlarge,complexproducts,modulararchitectureallowsseparatemodulestobeas-sembledinthemostconvenientlocationsandthenputtogethertoreducethetotalassemblytimeandcosts.3.Standardization.Variousmodelsofproducts(e.g.afamilyofproducts)mayhavesomeidenticalfunctionsintheirfunctionalstructures.Thesefunctionscanberealizedbysimilarorevenidenticalphysicalstructures(modules).Thesecommonmodulescanbestandardizedandproducedinlargerbatchsizestoimproveproduc-tione$ciencyandqualityandreducecosts.Italsoen-hancesthestandardizationofacompany.4.Services.Productsusuallyrequirebothpreventivemaintenanceandrecoveryrepairs.Di!erentcomponentsofaproducthavedi!erentmaintenancefrequenciesandrepairrequirements.Bygroupingcomponentsintoeasilydisassemblemodules,faultanalysisandmaintenanceoftheproductsaremoreeasilyfacilitated.Whenafailureoccurs,thefaultymodulecanbetemporarilyreplaced,thefaultypartswithinthemodulearerepaired,andthenthemoduleisreturnedtoservice.Themainconsider-ationsrequiredforserviceabilityarefrequencyoffailure,servicerequirements,meantimeofrepairs,frequencyofpreventiveservices,accessibilityofcomponents,costof388P.Gu,S.Sosale/RoboticsandComputerIntegratedManufacturing15(1999)387401replacements,andrepaircomplexityintermsofthespecialskillsortoolsrequired.5.Upgrading.Everyproducthasalifecycleandevent-uallyretires.Manyreasonscontributetotheretirementofaproductsuchascustomerdemandfornewmodelsandwearoftheproduct.Todayshighlycompetitivemarketandhighconsumerexpectationsdemandmanu-facturerstointroducenewmodelsinashortperiodoftime.Also,therapidlychangingtechnologyquicklymakesproductsobsolete,althoughtheyareusable(e.g.computers).Thetimeande!ortrequiredtointroduceanewproductmodelareusuallysubstantial.Onewaytofacilitaterapidintroductionofnewmodelsisthroughreuseoftheexistingdesignandproductionprocessesoftheoldmodelswithaslittlechangesaspossibleinordertoreducethetimeande!ortfornewmodeldevelopment.6.Reconxguration.Whenfunctionsoftwoproductsaresosimilar,onecanbeconvertedtotheotherbysmallmodi"cations.Oftentheusersdonotneedorcannota!ord(cost,space,etc.)aspecialproductforaparticularfunction.Thecon"gurableproductscanaccommodatetheneeds.Bychangingthearrangementofafewmodulesoraddingoneormoremodules,therequiredfunctionsmayberealizedbytheexistingproduct.Anexampleofthistypeofmodularityisrecon"gurablemachinetools.Byaddinganauxiliaryattachment,averticalmillingmachinecanbeusedforhorizontalmillingoperations.7.Recycling,reuseanddisposal.Di!erentcomponentsofaproductmayhavedi!erentlifeduration.Whenaproductretires,theremaybesomeusablecomponents.Modulardesigncangroupthesecomponentsintoeasilydetachablemodulessuchthattheycanbeeasilyreused.Forrecycling,materialcompatibilityshouldbeconsideredasdi!erentmaterialsmayrequiredi!erentrecyclingordisposalmethods.Amodularproductcanfacilitatetheseparationandsortingofdi!erentmaterialsforproperrecyclingordisposalprocesses.8.Productvarietyandcustomization.Customersusu-allyhaveindividualtastesandpreferences.Itisdi$culttodesignandmanufactureasinglemodelofproductsthatcansatisfyallcustomers.Oftenaproductentersthemarketinvariousmodelswithslightlydi!erentfeaturesandoptionstosatisfycustomerdemands,whilethemainfunctionremainsthesame(e.g.camcorders).Thistypeofmodelvarietyisusuallyo!eredbymanufacturers(e.g.choiceofsedanorstationwagonforcars).Manufacturerscanalsocreatemodelsforindividualcustomers(e.g.custom-madebicyclesandcomputers).Amodularprod-uctcanprovidecustomerswithchoiceofmodelsthroughre-arrangingafewoptionalmodules.Theaboveisalistofproductlifecycleobjectivesandbene"tsthatmodularproductscanprovide.Mostlikely,itisnotpossiblethatallofthebene"tscanbeachievedsimultaneously.Productdesignersanddevelopersshouldidentifythemostimportantcharacteristicsoftheproductsandusethefollowingmethodologytoachievethem.3.TheproposedmethodologyAnewmodulardesignmethodologyisdevelopedthatconsidersvariouslifecycleengineeringobjectivessuchasassembly,maintenance,reuseandrecycling.Itisidealifamodularcon"gurationcanachieveallobjectives.How-ever,itisexpectedthatcon#ictsarise.Itisthedesignersresponsibilitytomaketrade-o!decisions.Modularde-signcanbeapproachedintwoways:(1)formmodulesbasedoneachobjectiveseparatelyandthenmaketrade-o!decisionsbetweendi!erentmodularcon"gurations,or(2)modularizeaproductbasedonaweightedaverageobjective.Theproposedmethodologycanbeusedforthebothways.Themethodologyconsistsofthreemainphases:problemde"nition,interactionanalysisandmoduleformation.3.1.Phase1:problemdexnitionTheproblemde"nitionincludesidentifyingthetypeandcharacteristicsofthedesignproblem,decomposingtheoverallproblemintosub-problems,anddeterminingtheobjectivesofmodularization,oneormoreoftheobjectivesasdiscussedintheprecedingsection.3.1.1.IdentixcationoftypeandcharacteristicsofthedesignproblemManydecisionsmadeduringdesignprocessdependonthetypeofdesigntasks.Thedesigntaskscanbedi!erentintermsofthedegreeoforiginalityofthedesign,thevarietyoftheproducts(asingleproductversusafamilyofproductswithsimilarfunctions),lifespanofdi!erentmodulesoftheproduct(e.g.existenceoflong-lastingandshort-lifemoduleswithintheproduct),andthescaleofthedesignproject(budget,productionrate).Fortheoriginaldesign,designknowledgeisintheformoffunctionsandthusthedecompositiondeterminesthefunctionalstructureoftheproduct.Foradaptivedesign(re-design)wherethephysicalsolutionisalreadyknown,thedecompositionistheidenti"cationofphys-icalcomponentsorsub-systemswithintheproduct(physicalstructure).Thedecompositionofaproductde-signintofunctionalandphysicalstructuresisaprerequi-siteformodularizingaproduct.3.1.2.IdentixcationofmodulardesignobjectivesAsmentionedintheprevioussection,aproductismodularizedforvariousobjectives.Forexample,foralargeandcomplexproductassemblythatconsistsofthousandsofpartsandhasashortdeliverytime,modularizationforassemblyisimportant.P.Gu,S.Sosale/RoboticsandComputerIntegratedManufacturing15(1999)387401389Fig.1.Thehierarchyofobjectivesandrelevantfactors.Table1StandardrelationshipfortwocomponentsNo.TypeofrelationshipInteractionvalueRelationship(forparticularobjective)1Verystrong10Firmconnectionandhighrelationship(functionallyinseparable)2Strong8Mediumconnectionbuthighrelationship3Mediumstrong6Firmconnectionandmediumrelationship4Medium5Mediumconnectionandmediumrelationship5Mediumweak4Looselyconnectedandmediumrelationship6Weak2Notadjacentrelationshipwithitsadjacentcomponent7No0NorelationatallSub-assemblies(modules)canbepreparedinparallelandthenassembledintothe"nalproduct.Inanothersituation,whenafamilyofsimilarproductsistobemade,modulardesignforstandardizationcanhelpcreatecommonmodulestoreducecomponentvarietyandcostsofproductdesignandmanufacturing.Also,modulardesignobjectivesmaybepursuedindividuallyorintegratedassingleobjectiveusingtheweightedaver-ageapproach.3.2.Phase2:interactionanalysisAllmodulardesignapproachesattempttoclustercomponentsintomodulessuchthatinteractionsarelo-calizedwithineachmoduleandinteractionsbetweenmodulesareminimized.3.2.1.IdentixcationofrelevantfactorsEachobjectiveofmodulardesigndemandsasetoffactorstobeconsidered.Checklistshavebeendevelopedtohelpdesignersidentifyrelevantinteractionfactorsforeachoftheobjectives.Forexample,thelifeexpectancyofcomponentsisamainfactorforreuse.Eachinteractionfactorcanbedecomposedintosub-factors.Forexample,thephysicalfactorincludessub-factorsofcontact,alignmentandcontainment.Toevaluatetheinteractionsfortheobjective,valuesforeachinteractionareassigned.Thisformsahierarchyofobjec-tives,factorsandsub-factorsforinteractionanalysis(Fig.1).Atthelowestlevelfortheobjectives-factors-sub-factorsahierarchy,thevaluesofinteractionsamongallcomponentsmustbedetermined.Thesevaluesaretabulatedinanarraycalledtheinteractionmatrix.Aninteractionvalueisanelementoftheinteractionmatrixandindicatesthedegreeofimportancethattwocompo-nents(therowandcolumncomponents)tobeinthesamemodule.Thesevaluesarethenscaledtorangebetween0and10(seeTable1).3.2.2.CalculationofweightedaverageAllinteractionvaluesatthelowestlevelcanbeusedcollectivelytocalculatetheweightedsumofinteractionsforanobjective.Inthehierarchyofinteractionsgener-atedintheabovesteps,alltheweightsthatrepresenttherelativeimportanceofthefactorsandtheobjectivesarenormalizedsuchthatthesummationofallbranchesfromeachnodeisequalto1.Forexample,ifthefunctionisa!ectedbyinteractionsintermsofenergyandmaterialexchangeonly,therelativeimportanceof,say,0.3and0.7areassignedtothesetwoaspects.Afteralllinksareevaluated,thecombinedmutualinteractionsbetweenthepartsarecalculatedby(i,j)"K+k/1=fkfk(i,j)#L+l/1=rlrl(i,j),(1)where(i,j)istheweightedaverageinteractionforthetwocomponentsiandj,fk(i,j)thekthfunctionalinter-actionofcomponentsiandj,rl(i,j)thelthobjectiveinteractionofcomponentsiandj,=fkthekthfunctionalfactorweightand=rlthelthobjectivefactorweight.Theresultofthisphaseisa"nalinteractingmatrixwhichrepresentsalltherelevantinformationformoduleclustering.3.3.Phase3:moduleformationSeveralalgorithmshavebeenimplementedtoclustercomponentsintomodulessuchthattheinteractionsbe-tweencomponentswithinmodulesaremaximized.Thesimulatedannealingalgorithmispresentedinthispaperto"ndtheoptimumornear-optimumsolution.Thecomponentsinthematrixareassumedtobeseparable.Iftwocomponentsarenotseparableatall,theyarecon-sideredasasinglecomponent.390P.Gu,S.Sosale/RoboticsandComputerIntegratedManufacturing15(1999)387401

    注意事项

    本文(外文资料--Product modularization for life cycle engineering.pdf)为本站会员(英****)主动上传,人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知人人文库网(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!

    温馨提示:如果因为网速或其他原因下载失败请重新下载,重复下载不扣分。




    关于我们 - 网站声明 - 网站地图 - 资源地图 - 友情链接 - 网站客服 - 联系我们

    网站客服QQ:2881952447     

    copyright@ 2020-2024  renrendoc.com 人人文库版权所有   联系电话:400-852-1180

    备案号:蜀ICP备2022000484号-2       经营许可证: 川B2-20220663       公网安备川公网安备: 51019002004831号

    本站为文档C2C交易模式,即用户上传的文档直接被用户下载,本站只是中间服务平台,本站所有文档下载所得的收益归上传人(含作者)所有。人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。若文档所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知人人文库网,我们立即给予删除!