机械外文翻译--质量与检测.doc

1本科毕业论文（设计）外文资料及其翻译学生姓名所在院系机电学院所学专业机电技术教育导师姓名完成时间QualityandInspection2AccordingtotheAmericanSocietyforQualityControlASQC,qualityisthetotalityoffeaturesandcharacteristicsofaproductorservicethatbearonitsabilitytosatisfygivenneeds.Thedefinitionimpliesthattheneedsofthecustomermustbeidentifiedfirstbecausesatisfactionofthoseneedsisthebottomlineofachievingquality.Customerneedsshouldthenbetransformedintoproductfeaturesandcharacteristicssothatadesignandtheproductspecificationscanbeprepared.Inadditiontoaproperunderstandingofthetermquality,itisimportanttounderstandthemeaningofthetermsqualitymanagement,qualityassurance,andqualitycontrol.Qualitymanagementisthataspectoftheoverallmanagementfunctionthatdeterminesandimplementsthequalitypolicy.Theresponsibilityforqualitymanagementbelongstoseniormanagement.Thisactivityincludesstrategicplanning,allocationofresources,andrelatedqualityprogramactivities.Qualityassuranceincludesalltheplannedorsystematicactionsnecessarytoprovideadequateconfidencethataproductorservicewillsatisfygivenneeds.Theseactionsareaimedatprovidingconfidencethatthequalitysystemisworkingproperlyandincludeevaluatingtheadequacyofthedesignsandspecificationsorauditingtheproductionoperationsforcapability.Internalqualityassuranceaimsatprovidingconfidencetothemanagementofacompany,whileexternalqualityassuranceprovidesassuranceofproductqualitytothosewhobuyfromthatcompany.Qualitycontrolcompaniestheoperationaltechniquesandactivitiesthatsustainaqualityofproductorservicesothattheproductwillsatisfygivenneeds.Thequalitycontrolfunctionisclosesttotheproductinthatvarioustechniquesofunsatisfactorysourcesofqualityperformance.Manyofthequalitysystemsofthepastweredesignedwiththeobjectiveofsortinggoodproductsfrombadproductsduringthevariousprocessingsteps.Thoseproductsjudgedtobebadhadtobereworkedtomeetspecifications.Iftheycouldnotbereworked,theywerescrapped.Thistypeofsystemisknownasadetectioncorrectionsystem.Withthissystem,problemswerenotfounduntiltheproductswereinspectedorwhentheywereusedbythecustomer.Becauseoftheinherentnatureofhumaninspectors,theeffectivenessofthesortingoperationswasoftenlessthan90.Qualitysystemsthatarepreventiveinnaturearebeingwidelyimplemented.Thesesystemspreventproblemsfromoccurringinthefistplacebyplacingemphasisonproperplanningandproblempreventioninallphasesoftheproductcycle.3Thefinalwordonhowwellaproductfulfillsneedsandexpectationsisgivenbythecustomersandusersofthatproductandisinfluencedbytheofferingofcompetitorsthatmayalsobeavailabletothosecustomersandusers.Itisimportanttorecognizethatfinalwordisformedovertheentirelifeoftheproduct,notjustwhenitwaspurchased.Beingawareofcustomersneedsandexpectationsisveryimportant,aswaspreviouslydiscussed.Inaddition,focusingtheattentionofallemployeesinanenterpriseonthecustomersandusersandtheirneedswillresultinamoreeffectivequalitysystem.Forexample,groupdiscussionsonproductdesignsandspecificationsshouldincludespecificdiscussionoftheneedstobesatisfied.Abasiccommitmentmanagementshouldbethatqualityimprovementmustberelentlesslypursued.Actionsshouldbeingrainedinthedaytodayworkingofthecompanythatrecognizethatqualityisamovingtargetintodaysmarketplacedrivenbyconstantlyrisingcustomerexpectations.Traditionaleffortsthatsetaqualitylevelperceivedtoberightforaproductanddirectalleffortstoonlymaintainthatlevelwillnotbesuccessfulinthelonghaul.Rather,managementmustorienttheorganizationsothatoncethesocalledrightqualitylevelforaproducthasbeenattainedimprovementeffortscontinuetoachieveprogressivelyhigherqualitylevels.Toachievethemosteffectiveimprovementefforts,managementshouldunderstandthatqualityandcostarecomplementaryandnotconflictingobjectives.Traditionally,recommendationsweremadetomanagementthatachoicehadtobemadebetweenqualityandcostthesocalledtradeoffdecisionbecausebetterqualityinevitablywouldsomehowcostmoreandmakeproductiondifficult.Experiencethroughouttheworldhasshownthatthisisnottrue.Goodqualityfundamentallyleadstogoodresourceutilizationandconsequentlymeansgoodproductivityandlowqualitycosts.Alsosignificantisthehighersalesandmarketpenetrationresultfromproductsthatareperceivedbycustomerstohavehighqualityandperformancereliabilityduringuse.Fourbasiccategoriesofqualitycostsaredescribedinthefollowing（1）Preventioncostsincurredinplanning,implementing,andmaintainingaqualitysystemthatwillensureconformancetoqualityrequirementateconomicallevels.Anexampleofpreventioncostistrainingintheuseofstatisticalprocesscontrol.（2）Appraisalcostsincurredindeterminingthedegreeofconformancetoqualityrequirements.Anexampleofappraisalcostisinspection.4（3）Internalfailurecostsarisingwhenproducts,components,andmaterialsfailtomeetqualityrequirementspriortotransferofownershiptothecustomer.Anexampleofinternalfailurecostisscrap.（4）Externalfailurecostsincurredwhenproductsfailtomeetqualityrequirementsaftertransferofownershiptothecustomer.Anexampleofexternalfailurecostiswarrantyclaims.Aproblemsolvingapproachshouldbefollowedinseekingqualityimprovement.Theresultsofanyimprovementeffortwillnotbepermanentunlesstherootcausesoftheproblemshavebeenfoundsoappropriateirreversiblecorrectiveactioncanbeimplemented.Therootcausecanbedefinedastherealcauseofaproblem.Thisisoftenquitedifferentfromtheapparentcause,whichappearsafterasuperficialinvestigation.Afrequentlyaskedquestionishowtoknownwhentherootcauseisfoundandwhentheinvestigatorisnotstillbeingdeceivedbytheapparentcause.Ameaningansweristhatiftherootcausehasbeenfound,theproblemisabletobeturnedonandoffbyaddingorremovingthecause.Oncetherootcausehasbeenfound,anirreversiblecorrectiveactionmustbeimplementedsothereisnoforeseeablesituationbywhichtherootcausecanreturnandsopermanentimprovementresults.Althoughthelevelofqualitycontrolisdeterminedinlargepartbyprobabilitytheoryandstatisticalcalculations,itisveryimportantthatthedatacollectionprocessesonwhichtheseproceduresdependbeappropriateandaccurate.Thebeststatisticalprocedureisworthlessiffedfaultydata,andlikemachiningprocesses,inspectiondatacollectionisitselfaprocesswithpracticallimitsofaccuracy,precision,resolution,andrepeatability.Allinspectionand/ormeasurementprocessescanbedefinedintermsoftheiraccuracyandrepeatability,justasamanufacturingprocessisevaluatedforaccuracyandrepeatability.Controlledexperimentscanbeperformed,andstatisticalmeasuresoftheresultscanbemadetodeterminetheperformanceofamethodofinspectionrelativetothepartstobeinspected.Suitabilityofoneoranothermethodcanbejudgedonthebasisofstandarddeviationsandconfidencelevelsthatapplytoeachapproachasusedinagiveninspectionsituation.质量与检测