外文翻译--数控机床改造.doc

TheNumericalControlEngineBedTransformsHarveyB.MackeyFirstnumericalcontrolsystemdevelopmentsummarybriefhistoryandtendencyIn1946thefirstelectronicaccountingmachinewasbornintheworld,thisindicatedthehumanitycreatedhasbeenpossibletostrengthenandpartiallytoreplacethementallaborthetool.Itwiththehumanitythesewhichintheagriculture,theindustrysocietycreatedonlyisstrengthensthephysicallaborthetooltocompare,gotupthequantitiveleap,enteredtheinformationsocietyforthehumanitytolaythefoundation.After6years,in1952,computertechnologyappliedtotheenginebed,thefirstnumericalcontrolenginebedwereborninUS.Fromthistimeon,thetraditionalenginebedhashadthearcherytargetchange.Sincenearlyhalfcentury,thenumericalcontrolsystemhasexperiencedtwostagesandsixgenerationofdevelopment.1.1Numericalcontrol(NC)stage(19521970)Theearlycomputeroperatingspeedislow,wasnotbigtothensciencecomputationandthedataprocessinginfluence,butcouldnotadapttheenginebedreal-timecontrolrequest.Thepeoplecannotbutusenumerallogiccircuit"tobuild"tobecomeanenginebedspecialpurposecomputertotakethenumericalcontrolsystem,iscalledthehardwareconnectionnumericalcontrol(HARD-WIREDNC),JianChengweinumericalcontrol(NC).Alongwiththeprimarydevicedevelopment,thisstagehashadbeenthroughrepeatedlythreegenerations,namely1952firstgenerationof-electrontube；1959secondgenerationof-transistor；1965thirdgeneration-smallscaleintegrationelectriccircuit.1.2Computernumericalcontrol(CNC)stage(in1970present)In1970,thegeneralminicomputeralreadyappearedandthemassproduction.Thereupontransplantsittakesthenumericalcontrolsystemthecorepart,fromthistimeonenteredthecomputernumericalcontrol(CNC)thestage("whichshouldhavecomputerinfrontofthegeneral"twocharacterstoabbreviate).In1971,AmericanINTELCorporationintheworldfirsttimethecomputertwomostcorespart-logicunitsandthecontroller,usedthelargescaleintegratedcircuittechnologyintegrationontogetherthechip,calleditthemicroprocessor(MICROPROCESSOR),alsomightbecalledthecentralprocessingelement(tobecalledCPU).Themicroprocessorisappliedto1974inthenumericalcontrolsystem.Thisisbecauseminicomputerfunctiontoostrong,controlledanenginebedabilitytohavewealthily(thereforeonceusesincontrollingthemulti-Taiwanenginebedatthattime,calleditgroupcontrol),wasinferiortousedthemicroprocessoreconomytobereasonable.Moreoverthensmallmachinereliabilitywasnotideal.Theearlymicroprocessorspeedandthefunctionalthoughinsufficientlyarealsohigh,butmaysolvethroughthemulti-processorstructure.Becausethemicroprocessoristhegeneral-purposecalculatorcorepart,thereforestillwascalledthecomputernumericalcontrol.In1990,PCmachine(personalcomputer,domesticcustomhadcalledmicrocomputer)theperformancehasdevelopedtotheveryhighstage,maysatisfiedlytakethenumericalcontrolsystemcoreparttherequest.ThenumericalcontrolsystemhenceforthenteredbasedonthePCstage.Inbrief,thecomputernumericalcontrolstagehasalsoexperiencedthreegenerations.Namely1970fourthgenerationof-minicomputer；1974fivedynasties-microprocessorand1990sixthgeneration-(overseaswascalledPC-BASED)basedonPC.Alsomustpointout,althoughoverseasalreadyrenamedasthecomputernumericalcontrol(namelyCNC).Alsomustpointout,althoughoverseasalreadyrenamedasthecomputernumericalcontrol(namelyCNC),butourcountrystillthecustomcalledthenumericalcontrol(NC).Thereforewedailysay"numericalcontrol",themateriallyalreadywasrefersto"computernumericalcontrol".1.3thenumericalcontrolfuturewilldeveloptendency1.3.1openstylecontinuesto,todevelopbasedonthePCsixthgenerationofdirectionThesoftwareandhardwareresourceshaswhichbasedonPCarerichandsoonthecharacteristic,themorenumericalcontrolsserialproductionfactorycanstepontothispath.UsesPCmachinetotakeatleastitsfrontendmachine,processestheman-machinecontactsurface,theprogramming,theassociationQuestionandsoonnetcorrespondence,undertakesthenumericalcontroldutybytheoriginalsystem.PCmachinehasthefriendlyman-machinecontactsurface,willpopularizetoallnumericalcontrolssystem.Thelong-distancecommunication,thelong-distancediagnosisandtheservicewillbemorecommon.1.3.2approachesandthehighaccuracydevelopmentThisisadaptstheenginebedtobehighspeedandthehighaccuracydirectionneedtodevelop.1.3.3developstotheintellectualizeddirectionAlongwiththeartificialintelligenceinthecomputerdomainunceasingseepageandthedevelopment,thenumericalcontrolsystemintellectualizeddegreeunceasinglywillenhance.(1)appliestheadaptivecontroltechnologyThenumericalcontrolsystemcanexamineintheprocesssomeimportantinformation,andtheautomaticcontrolsystemrelatedparameter,achievestheimprovementsystemrunningstatusthegoal.(2)introducestheexpertsysteminstructionprocessingTheskilledworkerandexpertsexperience,theprocessinggeneralruleandthespecialrulestoreinthesystem,takethecraftparameterdatabaseasthestrut,theestablishmenthastheartificialintelligencetheexpertsystem.(3)introducesthebreakdowntodiagnosetheexpertsystem(4)intellectualizednumeralservodriveMaythroughtheautomaticdiagnosisload,buttheautomaticcontrolparameter,causestheactuationsystemtoobtainthebestmovement.Second,enginebednumericalcontroltransformationnecessity2.1microscopiclooksatthetransformationthenecessityFromonmicroscopiclookedbelowthat,thenumericalcontrolenginebedhastheprominentsuperioritycomparedtothetraditionalenginebed,moreoverthesesuperioritycomefromthecomputermightwhichthenumericalcontrolsystemcontains.2.1.1mayprocessthetraditionalenginebedcannotprocessthecurve,thecurvedsurfaceandsoonthecomplexcomponents.Becausethecomputerhastheexcellentoperationability,maytheinstantaccuratelycalculateeachcoordinateaxisinstanttobesupposedthemovementphysiologicalloadofexercise,thereforemayturnroundthesynthesiscomplexcurveorthecurvedsurface.2.1.2mayrealizetheprocessingautomation,moreoveristheflexibleautomation,thustheefficiencymayenhance37timescomparedtothetraditionalenginebed.Becausethecomputerhasthememoryandthememoryproperty,maytheprocedurewhichinputsrememberandsave,thentheorderwhichstipulatedaccordingtotheprocedureautomaticcarriesout,thusrealizationautomation.Thenumericalcontrolenginebedsolongasreplacesaprocedure,mayrealizeanotherworkpieceprocessingautomation,thuscausesthesingleunitandthesmallbatchofproductioncanautomate,thereforeiscalledhasrealized"flexibleautomation".2.1.3processingscomponentsprecisionhigh,sizedispersiondegreesmall,makestheassemblytobeeasy,nolongerneeds"tomakerepairs".2.1.4mayrealizethemulti-workingprocedurescentralism,reducesthecomponentsinenginebedbetweenfrequenttransporting.2.1.5hasauto-alarm,theautomaticmonitoring,automaticcompensationandsoonthemanykindsofautonomyfunction,thusmayrealizelongtimenobodytosafeguardtheprocessing.2.1.6advantagewhichderivesbyabovefive.Forexample:Reducedworkerslaborintensity,savedthelaborforce(apersontobepossibletosafeguardthemulti-Taiwanenginebed),reducedtheworkclothes,reducedthenewproducttrialmanufacturingcycleandtheproductioncycle,mighttothemarketdemandmakerapidreactionandsoon.Abovethesesuperiorityarethepredecessorcannotimagine,isanextremelysignificantbreakthrough.Inaddition,theenginebednumericalcontrolcarriesoutFMC(flexiblemanufactureunit),FMS(flexiblemanufacturesystem)aswellasCIMS(computerintegrationmanufacturesystem)andsoontheenterprisebecominganinformationbasedsocietytransformationfoundation.Thenumericalcontroltechnologyalreadybecamethemanufacturingindustryautomationthecoretechnologyandthefoundationtechnology.2.2greatwatchesthetransformationthenecessityFromonmacroscopiclookedthat,theindustrydevelopedcountryarmedforces,theairplaneweaponindustry,intheendofthe70s,atthebeginningofthe80sstartedthelarge-scaleapplicationnumericalcontrolenginebed.Itsessenceis,usestheinformationtechnologytothetraditionalindustry(includingthearmedforces,airplaneweaponindustry)carriesonthetechnologicaltransformations.Exceptthatusesoutsidethenumericalcontrolenginebed,FMC,FMSinthemanufactureprocess,butalsoincludesintheproductdevelopmentcarriesoutCAD,CAE,CAM,thehypothesizedmanufactureaswellascarriesoutMISintheproductionmanagement(managementinformationsystem),CIMSandsoon.Aswellasincreasestheinformationtechnologyinitsproductionproduct,includingartificialintelligenceandsooncontent.Becauseusestheinformationtechnologytothecountryforeigntroops,theairplaneweaponindustrycarriesonthethoroughtransformation(tocallitbecominganinformationbasedsociety),finallycausesthemtheproductintheinternationalmilitarygoodsandinthegoodsforcivilianusemarketthecompetitivepowergreatlyistheenhancement.Butweintheinformationtechnologytransformationtraditionindustryaspectcomparedtothedevelopedcountrytofallbehindapproximatelyfor20years.Likeinourcountryenginebedcapacity,numericalcontrolenginebedproportion(numericalcontrolrate)to1995onlythen1.9%,butJapanhasreached20.8%in1994,thereforeeveryyearhasthemassivemechanicalandelectricalproductsimport.Thisalsoonfromonmacroscopicexplainedtheenginebednumericalcontroltransformationnecessity.Thord,thenumericalcontroltransformationcontentandsuperiorlylacks3.1TransformationindustrystartingInUS,JapanandGermanyandsoonthedevelopedcountry,theirenginebedtransformstooktheneweconomicalgrowthprofession,thrivesabundantly,isoccupyingthegoldenage.Asaresultoftheenginebedaswellasthetechnicalunceasingprogress,theenginebedtransformationis"theeternal"topic.Ourcountrysenginebedtransformationindustry,alsoentersfromtheoldprofessiontobythenumericalcontroltechnologyprimarilynewprofession.InUS,Japan,Germany,havethebroadmarketwiththenumericalcontroltechnologicaltransformationsenginebedandtheproductionline,hasformedtheenginebedandtheproductionlinenumericalcontroltransformationnewprofession.InUS,theenginebedtransformationindustryiscalledtheenginebedregeneration(Remanufacturing)industry.Isengagedintheregenerationindustryfamouscompanytoinclude:TheBertscheengineeringfirm,theaytonenginebedcompany,Devlieg-Bullavd(arevaluable)servesthegroup,theUSequipmentcompanyandsoon.TheAmericanvaluablecompanyhassetupthecompanyinChina.InJapan,theenginebedtransformationindustryiscalledtheenginebedtoreequip(Retrofitting)industry.Isengagedinthereequipmentindustryfamouscompanytoinclude:Bigindentationprojectgroup,hillockthreemechanicalcompanies,thousandsubstitutefieldslabormachinecompany,wildengineeringfirm,shorefieldengineeringfirm,mountainthisengineeringfirmandsoon.3.2NumericalcontroltransformationcontentTheenginebedandtheproductionlinenumericalcontroltransformationmaincontenthasfollowingseveralpoints:Firstisextensivelyrecoversthefunction,totheenginebed,theproductionlinehasthebreakdownpartiallytocarryonthediagnosisandtherestoration；SecondisNC,theaddendrevealstheinstallmentontheordinaryenginebed,oraddsthenumericalcontrolsystem,transformstheNCenginebed,theCNCenginebed；Thirdisrenovates,forincreasestheprecision,theefficiencyandtheautomaticity,tothemachinery,theelectricitypartiallycarriesonrenovates,reassemblestheprocessingtothemachinepart,extensivelyrecoverstheprecision；DoesnotsatisfytheproductionrequesttoittheCNCsystemtocarryontherenewalbynewestCNC；Fourthisthetechnologyrenewsorthetechnicalinnovation,forenhancestheperformanceorthescale,orinordertousethenewcraft,thenewtechnology,carriesonthebigscaleintheoriginalfoundationthetechnologytoreneworthetechnicalinnovation,thegreatscoperaisesthelevelandthescalerenewaltransformation.Thenewelectricalsystemtransformsafter,howcarriesonthedebuggingaswellasthedeterminationreasonableapprovalstandard,alsoisthetechnologypreparatoryworkimportantlink.Thedebuggingworkinvolvesthemachinery,thehydraulicpressure,theelectricity,thecontrol,andsoon,thereforemustcarryonbytheprojectpersonincharge,otherpersonnelcoordinate.Thedebuggingstepmayconformtosimplicitytonumerous,frominfancytomaturity,carriesonfromoutsidetoin,afteralsomaythepartialoverallsituation,afterfirstthesubsystemthe3.3Thenumericalcontroltransformationsuperiorlylacks3.3.1reducedinvestmentcosts,thedateofdeliveryareshortWithpurchasesthenewenginebedtocompare,maysave60%80%expensegenerally,thetransformationexpenseislow.Large-scale,thespecialenginebedespeciallyisspeciallyobvious.Thecommonlarge-scaleenginebedtransforms,onlyspendsthenewenginebedpurchaseexpense1/3,thedateofdeliveryisshort.Butsomepeculiarcircumstances,likethehighspeedmainaxle,thetrayautomaticswitchingunitmanufactureandtheinstallmenttoorequiresalotofwork,costsagreatdealofmoney,oftentransformsthecosttoenhance23times,withpurchasesthenewenginebedtocompare,onlycaneconomicalinvestabout50%.3.3.2machinecapabilitystablearereliable,thestructureislimitedUsesfoundationandsoonlathebed,columnallisheavybutthefirmcastingcomponent,butisnotthatkindofweldingcomponent,afterthetransformationenginebedperformancehigh,thequalityisgood,maytakethenewequipmentcontinuestousemanyyears.Butreceivestheoriginalmechanismthelimit,notsuitablymakestheunprecedentedtransformation.3.3.3familiarunderstoodtheequipment,isadvantageousfortheoperationserviceWhenpurchasesthenewequipment,didnotunderstandwhetherthenewequipmentcansatisfyitsprocessingrequest.Thetransformationthenotherwise,maypreciselycalculatetheenginebedtheprocessingability；Moreover,becausemanyyearsuse,theoperatoralreadyunderstoodtotheenginebedcharacteristic,usesandservicestheaspecttotrainthetimeintheoperationshort,effectiveisquick.Thetransformationenginebedassoonasinstalls,mayrealizethecapacityloadrevolution.3.3.4mayfullyusetheexistingconditionMayfullyusetheexistingground,doesnotneedtolikebuyswhenthenewequipmentsuchtohaveretoconstructtheground.3.3.5mayusethenewestcontroltechnologyenhancestheproductionequipmenttheautomatedlevelandtheefficiency,improvestheequipmentqualityandthescale,alterstotheoldenginebednowthehorizontalenginebed.Fourth,numericalcontrolsystemchoiceWhenthenumericalcontrolsystemmainlyhasthreekindoftypes,thetransformation,shouldactaccordingtothespecialdetailstocarryonthechoice.4.1Step-by-stepstheopensystemwhichtheelectricalmachinerydrivesThissystemservodrivemainlyisstep-by-stepstheelectricalmachinery,thepowerstep-by-stepsthe