外文翻译--机械制造自动化技术.doc
机械制造自动化技术本世纪初,出现了专用机床与传送带相结合的生产方式,加工与装配均以单一化作业为基础,从而极大的提高了生产效率。之后,又出现了大型多工位自动机床和自动生产线。这一时期自动化技术的特点是:加工实现了部分或全部“自动化”,但完成某一项具体的加工任务,其工艺路径、加工尺寸、工具设置等,均需事先由人设定调试。而一旦设定调试完毕,整个工艺过程和工艺参数便不再变化,只能加工某一种固定的产品。因此,这种自动化技术可以称之为“刚性自动比技术”。随着计算机技术的出现,产生了“柔性自动化技术”。采用“柔性自动化技术”的生产线不仅能够自动的“做”,而且一旦加工目标确定,就知道应该“怎么做”。“柔性自动化技术”以数控技术为核心,将计算机技术、信息技术与生产技术有机结合在一起。其应用范围可包括产品设计、加工制造和相应的信息与管理系统。柔性自动化技术是当今机械制造业适应市场动态需求,加速产品更新的主要手段。采用柔性自动化技术,不仅能够提高生产效率、减轻劳动强度,还能提高产品质量、缩短制造周期和交货期、大幅度降低成本,因而是各国机械制造业发展的重要趋势。工业发达国家在柔性自动化技术的诸多领域中,如:柔性制造单元(FMC)、柔性制造系统(FMS)、计算机辅助设计计算机辅助制造(CADCAM)、计算机辅助工艺设计(CAPP)、管理信息系统(MIS)等方面均取得很大发展。尤其在80年代中期,更是出现了更高层次的计算机集成制造系统(CIMS),它可将整个企业生产中有关产品的开发、设计、制造和管理等方面的自动化技术综合成全局自动化;使物流和信息流集成为一个大系统的自动化,以实现总体最优,从而有力地保证了企业的市场竞争力和长远发展。从技术上看,工业发达国家都是以提高系统的可靠性、实用化为重点,以易于联网和集成为目标,注重对单元技术的开发、完善与提高。计算机数控(CNC)单机继续向着高精度、高速度和高柔性的方向发展,CADCAM、CAPP、MIS功能迅速扩展,FMS技术向着网络系统开放、性能集成智能、实用有效的方向发展。目前,我国CNC机床尚未普及,连续运行的可靠性还不高,FMS尚未达到实用化,一些关键的基础技术还没有完全掌握,与国际先进水平和国内日益增长的需求相比,都有不小的差距。我们必须结合国情,大力发展适用、可靠、价廉的柔性自动化技术及装备。今后一段时期内,在继续进行机械制造柔性自动化技术方面应用科学研究的基础上,切实做好“掌握柔性自动化装备的设计方法和制造技术”,以及“提高自主开发能力”这两个方面的工作;完成FMC、P-FMS(准柔性制造系统)、FMS这三个层次的典型柔性加工设备的开发。力争到2000年,我国主要柔性单元设备的综合性能,达到国外90年代初期的水平;实用化的柔性制造系统的稳定生产水平,达到国外80年代末、90年代初水平,以便为今后制造业综合自动化的发展奠定良好的基础。AppendixMachineryManufacturingAutomationTechnologyThebeginningofthiscentury,therehasbeenspecialmachinetoolsandconveyorcombinationofmodesof2production,processingandassemblyoperationsarebasedonasingle-system,whichgreatlyimprovedtheproductionefficiency.Afterthat,itappearedalarge-scalemulti-stationautomatedmachinetoolsandautomaticproductionlines.Automationtechnologyofthisperiodischaracterizedby:processingtoachievesomeorallofthe"automated",buttocompletetheprocessingofaparticulartask,itsprocesspath,processdimensions,toolsetandsoon,needtobesetinadvancebypeopledebugging.Oncesetthedebuggingiscompleted,theentireprocessandtheprocessparameterswillnolongerchange,canonlyprocessacertainfixedproducts.Thus,theautomationtechnologycanbecalled"rigidautomaticthanthetechnology."Withtheemergenceofcomputertechnology,resultingina"flexibleautomationtechnology."Adoptionof"flexibleautomationtechnology,"theproductionlinenotonlybeabletoautomatically"do",butoncetheprocessofdefininggoals,youknow"howtodo.""Flexibleautomation"tonumericalcontroltechnologyasthecorecomputertechnology,informationtechnologyandproductiontechnologyorganicallytogether.Rangeofapplicationscouldincludeproductdesign,manufacturingandthecorrespondinginformationandmanagementsystems.Flexibleautomationtechnologyintodaysmachinerymanufacturingindustrytoadapttomarketdynamicsdemand,theprimarymeanstoaccelerateproductupdates.Adoptionofflexibleautomationtechnology,notonlycanimproveproductivity,reducelaborintensity,butalsotoimproveproductquality,shortenproductioncycleanddeliverytimeanddramaticallyreducescosts,soitisimportanttothedevelopmentofnationaltrendsinmachinerymanufacturing.Industrializedcountriesinmanyfieldsofflexibleautomationtechnologies,suchas:flexiblemanufacturingcell(FMC),flexiblemanufacturingsystems(FMS),computer-aideddesign/computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAD/CAM),computeraidedprocessplanning(CAPP),themanagementInformationSystem(MIS),etc.haveachievedgreatdevelopment.Particularlyinthemid-80s,butalsoofahigherlevelofcomputerintegratedmanufacturingsystem(CIMS),whichcanberelatedtotheproductionoftheentireenterpriseproductdevelopment,design,manufactureandmanagementoftheautomationtechnologyintegratedintotheoverallautomation;tomakelogisticsandinformationflowforalargesystemintegrationofautomation,inordertoachievetheoveralloptimum,whichwilleffectivelyensurethattheenterprisesmarketcompetitivenessandlong-termdevelopment.Fromatechnicalpointofview,industrialcountriesaretoimprovesystemreliability,utilityintofocus,foreasynetworkingandintegrationasthegoal,focusingoncelltechnologydevelopment,improveandincrease.ComputerNumericalControl(CNC)tocontinuetowardasingle-precision,highspeedandhigh-flexibledirection,CAD/CAM,CAPP,MISfunctionsrapidlyexpanding,FMStechnologytowardanopennetworksystems,performanceintegratedintelligent,practicalandeffectivedirection.Atpresent,ChinasCNCmachinetoolsnotyetuniversal,continuousoperationreliabilityisnothigh,FMShasnotyetreachedpracticaluse,anumberofkeybasictechnologyhasnotyetfullygrasp,anddomesticandinternationaladvancedlevelcomparedtothegrowingdemand,therearenosmallgap.Wemustcombinenationalconditions,vigorouslydeveloptheapplication,reliableandinexpensiveflexibleautomationtechnologyandequipment.Thenextperiodoftime,whilecontinuingtocarryoutmachinerymanufacturingflexibleautomationtechnologyappliedscientificresearch,basedonareallygoodjob"tomasterthedesignmethodofflexibleautomationequipmentandmanufacturingtechnology",and"toraiseself-developmentcapacity"ofthesetwoaspectsofthework;thecompletionofFMC,P-FMS(flexiblemanufacturingsystemquasi-),FMSWHX112减速机壳加工工艺及夹具设计3thesethreelevelsofatypicalflexiblemanufacturingequipmentdevelopment.Wewillendeavorto2000,Chinasmajorflexibleunitequipment,overallperformance,reachingtheleveloftheearly90sabroad;practicalflexiblemanufacturingsystem,thestabilityoftheproductionlevel,reachingoutsidethelate80s,early90sleveltothemanufacturingsectorforthefutureintegratedthedevelopmentofautomatedlayagoodfoundation.