外文翻译--美国政府在计算机技术发展中的作用及其启示.doc

天津科技大学外文翻译1AmericanGovernmentsincomputertechnologydevelopmentfunctionandenlightenmentThecomputerindustryisanincomeisrich,moreovercompeteshighlyindustry,butAmericanGovernmentfundsthecomputerindustrytechnologyvigorouslythedevelopment,andhasobtainedthetangibleeffect.ThisarticleintroducedandhasanalyzedAmericanGovernmentwithemphasisthefunctionwhichdisplaysincomputerindustrytechnologicaldevelopmenteachstage,howsupportstheindustrytechnologicaldevelopmenttoOurcountryGovernmenttohavetheimportantmodel.USscomputerindustryoccupiedthedominantpositionintheworld,thegovernmentplayedthevitalrole.AmericanGovernmentthereasonthatcanproducethetangibleresultstothecomputerindustrysupport,thekeyisthegovernmentfunctionisclearabout,needstoadjustthesupportdirectionunceasinglyaccordingtotheindustrialdevelopment,theimprovementsubsidizationsystemandthemanagement.SummarizesUSFederalstatetosupportthecomputertechnologyresearchdevelopmenttheexperience,supportstheindustrytechnologicaldevelopmenttoOurcountryGovernmenttohavetheimportantmodelfunction.First,AmericanGovernmentendedafterthecomputertechnologydevelopmentsupportSecondWorldWar,thefederalstatealwaysisthecomputertechnologypowerfulsupporter.Didnotappraiseaccordingto1995thecomputation,1976-1995year,thefederalstateincreasedtothecomputerscienceresearchandthetechnicaldevelopmentsupportfrom180,000,000USdollarsto960,000,000USdollars,grew5times.Amongthem,thebasicresearchinvestmentincreasesfrom65,000,000USdollarsto265,000,000USdollars；Theappliedresearchinvestmentincreasesfrom116,000,000USdollarsto700,000,000USdollars.Inthefederalstatesubsidization35-45%goestoapproximatelytheuniversity,other55-65%goestothegovernmentlaboratoryandtheindustrialfield；Thegovernmentbasicresearchfund70%goestotheuniversity.Thefederalstatealsogivesthesubsidizationtootherwiththecomputertechnologycorrelationresearch.Thefederalstatetodidnotincreasewiththecomputerresearchrelatedothertechnologiesandtheelectronicengineeringresearchaspectinvestmentfrom1972to1,000,000,000USdollarsto19951,700,000,000USdollars,accountsfortheproportionwhichthefederationalwaysinvestedby5%toincreaseto7%.Thefederalstateembarksthedecisionsubsidizationdirectionfromitsfunction,thegovernmentfundmainlygoestofollowingseveralaspects.(1)keysupportlong-termbasicresearchUSGovernmenthasplayedthevital天津科技大学外文翻译2roleinthelong-termbasicresearchandthegeneralcharacterapplicationtechnologyresearchdevelopmentaspect.Thelong-termbasicresearchmaincharacteristic,oneisitsbenefitisoftenunableintheshort-termtoappear,theriskisbig.Speciallyintheindustrialdevelopmentinitialperiod,theenterprisedoesnothavethestrengthtocarryonsuchresearchwork；Twoisitsapplicationdomainquiteisoftenwidespread,acompanyisunabletousecompletely,moreoveralsoisincapablepreventsthecompetitortouseitsresearchresults.Therefore,theindustrialfieldisshorttothelong-termbasicresearchcarriesontheinvestment.USsFederalstatehasalreadyobtainedthetangibleeffecttothecomputertechnologylong-termbasicresearchsubsidizationproject.Like,thegovernmentsubsidizationcomputerartificialintelligenceengineeringresearchstartsinthe70searlytimes,onlythendevelopeduntil1997cansucceedtherecognitionlong-enduringpronunciationpersonalcomputing.Withthissimilaris,thenationaldefensefundstartsfromthe60stosubsidizeavailableinthethreedimensionalimagefoundationalsystemresearch,onlythenformstheconsumptionproductuntilthe90s.Althoughthisachievementalreadystartsinthehighperformanceinstrumenttoapply,buttherecentyearsonlythenarewidespreadapplyinthemedicalservice,theentertainmentandthenationaldefenseindustry.(2)subsidizedtheinfrastructurefederalstatewhichthecomputerstudiedinthecomputerinfrastructureconstructionaspecttoplaythekeyrole,hasprovidedthecontinuouslytalentedpersonfortheAmericandevelopmentcomputerindustry.1.raisedthemassivehumanresourcesfederalstatessubsidizationplanfortheindustrialdevelopmenttoraisealargequantitiesofelectronicengineeringandthecomputersciencegraduatestudentandtheoutstandingresearcher,providedthecontinuouslyfollowingtalentedpersonforthecomputerandtheelectronicengineeringdevelopment.Thenationalsciencefunddataindicatedthat,1985-1996year,obtainsthefederationfundsubsidizationthecomputerandtheelectronicengineeringspecializedgraduatestudentproportionfrom14%increasesto20%.Thefederalstatemainlyadoptstheteachingassistantscholarshiptograduatestudentssubsidizationtheform,theteachingassistantscholarshipoccupiesalwaysfundsthevolumeabove75%.1985to1995,thenationalbestcomputerwasin,likeMIT,CarnegieThemellon,theGalliverNepalAsiaUniversitygramforcebranchschoolandsoonthecomputerandintheelectronicengineeringspecializedgraduatestudentapproximatelyhad56%toobtainfederalstatessubsidization,inwhichonehalfissuddenlytheteachingassistantscholarship.In1997,theStanfordUniversityelectronicsindustryandthecomputerspecialized27%graduatestudentobtainedthefederalstatesubsidization,50-60%sdoctorobtainsthesubsidization.Atthesametime,the天津科技大学外文翻译3governmentsubsidizationsomelarge-scaleresearchprojecthasalsotrainedonegroupofleadersinascholarlyfield.2.hasprovidedthegoodequipmentandthefacilityforthecollegeeducationandtheresearchprovideswiththemaintenanceresearchhardwareequipmentneedsthehighfundinvestment,thecommonuniversityisverydifficulttocollectthisfund.Thefederalstateadoptsmanykindsofformstosupporttheuniversitytopurchasethecomputerequipment,mainlyhastwoforms:Onekindisprovidesthecomputerequipmentfortheuniversityteaching；Anotherkindisprovidestheexcellentequipmentthroughthesubsidizationspecificresearchprojectfortheuniversity.thefederalstateinthesupportuniversityresearchinstrumentaspectmaincontribution,oneissupportstheestablishmentuniversitydataprocessingcenter,thesubsidizationuniversitycomputerdoestheresearchwork.Thenationalsciencefund(hereafterreferredtoas“NSF”)tostartin1956toprovidetheordinaryteachingandtheresearchfortheuniversityusesthecomputerthesubsidizationplan.Thisplanprovideseveryyearthesubsidizationamountgrowthisveryquick,1958-1970year,hasaltogethersubsidized66,00tenthousandUSdollars.The60s,theDepartmentofDefensehigh-levelprojectplace(hereafterreferredtoas“DARPA”)tosubsidizetheminorityseveralfoundationgooduniversitycomputeriswithemphasis(forexampleMIT,Carnegie-mellonuniversity,theStanfordUniversity)carriesoutthespecialprojectresearch,thesubsidizationprojectmajorityoffundsusesfortopurchasetheequipment.Accordingtotheestimate,the60s,inentireUSAUniversityahalfcalculatingdeviceisapproximatelyprovidesbythegovernmentapparatussubsidization.1981-1995year,thefederalstatesubsidized65%,1985yearwhichthecomputerbranchdepartmentresearchinstrumentpurchasedtoreachashighas83%.Intheelectronicengineeringaspect,federalstatesequipmentsubsidizationalsomaintainsatthehighlevel,in1982for75%,1995yearwas60%.NSFstartedtwosetsspeciallytoprovidetheequipmentforthecomputerbranchdepartmenttheplan:Computerresearchinstrumentplanandamorewidespreadcooperationexperimentalstudyplan.(3)(Twoisdevelopsthehighperformancecalculatingdeviceandtheconstructionnetworkfacility.The80sintermediatestages,thegovernmenthasfundedIBM701contourperformancecomputerdevelopment,composedhascarriedoneachkindofresearchusefortheresearcherthelarge-scalecomputersystem.In1985,NSFstartedanestablishmentsupercomputercenterplan,thesubsidizationhasestablished5nationwidescalecomputercenter,couldnotconducthigh-level,theoperationcomplexresearchfortheseontheordinarycomputerhasprovidedthecondition.Afterwards,thesecentersbecamethehighperformancecomputertheearlytestfacility,butalsoplayedthevitalrole天津科技大学外文翻译4tosomecomputerbranchdepartmentsteaching.Atthesametime,thisplanalsoleadsthestate,thepersonaldepartmentinvestmentestablishesthesupercomputercenterinotheruniversities.alongwiththenetworkingdevelopment,thegovernmentenlargestothenetworkfacilitysubsidizationdynamics.In1973,NSFtookstepsascientificnetworkplan,provided600,000USdollarstoestablishthecomputernetworkeveryyearto750,000USdollarsforuniversitysresearchers.(3)supportdevelopedandpromotesthefederalstateeffectivelytofundthelarge-scaleapplicationsystemresearchdevelopmentalitemusingthehightechnologyandnewtechnologylarge-scaleapplicationsystemresearch.DARPAhassupportedinturntransformationnetwork(ARPANET)sresearchprojectwhichbetweenthecomputerjoinsmutually.Thisresearchpromotedrelatedtoenterthenetagreement,totransformandtheroutearrangementinturnandsoonresearch.Simultaneouslyalsoadvancedtothelarge-scalenetworkmanagementpatterndevelopmentresearch,like,domainnamesystemanddevelopmentemailandsoon.TheDARPAresearchresultshaddemonstratedlarge-scaletransformsthenetworkinturnthevalue,promotedothernetworkdevelopment.TheNSFnetworkestablishmenthasformedthenetworkfoundation.Thegovernmentthroughthesubsidizationlarge-scalehightechnologyandnewtechnologyapplicationsystemdevelopment,gathersthelaboratorytheacademiccirclesandtheindustrialfieldresearcherwhichestablishestogetherusesincommon,theexchangethought,thuscreatesonetohaveabilityfinallytoimpelthetechnologicaldevelopmenttheresearchstrength.Like,50sSAGEprojectsorganizedtocomefromMIT,IBMandotherresearchlabresearcher,intheentireprojectprocessappearedmanyinnovationthought,atpresentalreadyobtainedthewidespreadapprovalinthecomputerprofessiontheideaallwasatthattimeraises.Inmanycomputerprofessionpioneercharacterhasalsoobtainedtheexperiencefromin50-60agecontrolcomputersystem(SAGE)project,afterwardsthesepeopleinwererepresentingthecomputerandinthecommunicationenterpriseemergingcompanyandthelaboratorywork.TheSAGEinfluenceappearedonlythengraduallyinafterwardsseveraldozensyears.thestructurelarge-scaleapplicationsystempracticeindicatedthat,someresearchnotcausessometechnicalnecessarilydirectlytheinnovation,butiscausesthedevelopmentandthetechnicalpromotion.Wastothetechnologywhichalreadystudiedcarriesontheanalysisandthereasonablecombinationusingthedevelopment,formedthenewapplicationsystem.Like,establishesthelarge-scaleapplicationsystemtheresearchprojectisappliestheelectroniccommunicationsystemprincipleintheARPANETprojectdevelopment,hasformedthenetworkingfoundation.(4)pairofindustrialtechnologyearlysubsidization20thcentury50s,thefederalstatehas