老托福阅读100篇

PASSAGE1BYTHEMIDNINETEENTHCENTURY,THETERM“ICEBOX“HADENTEREDTHEAMERICANLANGUAGE,BUTICEWASSTILLONLYBEGINNINGTOAFFECTTHEDIETOFORDINARYCITIZENSINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEICETRADEGREWWITHTHEGROWTHOFCITIESICEWASUSEDINHOTELS,TAVERNS,ANDHOSPITALS,ANDBYSOMEFORWARDLOOKINGCITYDEALERSINFRESHMEAT,FRESHFISH,ANDBUTTERAFTERTHECIVILWAR18611865,ASICEWASUSEDTOREFRIGERATEFREIGHTCARS,ITALSOCAMEINTOHOUSEHOLDUSEEVENBEFORE1880,HALFTHEICESOLDINNEWYORK,PHILADELPHIA,ANDBALTIMORE,ANDONETHIRDOFTHATSOLDINBOSTONANDCHICAGO,WENTTOFAMILIESFORTHEIROWNUSETHISHADBECOMEPOSSIBLEBECAUSEANEWHOUSEHOLDCONVENIENCE,THEICEBOX,APRECURSOROFTHEMODERNREFRIGERATOR,HADBEENINVENTEDMAKINGANEFFICIENTICEBOXWASNOTASEASYASWEMIGHTNOWSUPPOSEINTHEEARLYNINETEENTHCENTURY,THEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEPHYSICSOFHEAT,WHICHWASESSENTIALTOASCIENCEOFREFRIGERATION,WASRUDIMENTARYTHECOMMONSENSENOTIONTHATTHEBESTICEBOXWASONETHATPREVENTEDTHEICEFROMMELTINGWASOFCOURSEMISTAKEN,FORITWASTHEMELTINGOFTHEICETHATPERFORMEDTHECOOLINGNEVERTHELESS,EARLYEFFORTSTOECONOMIZEICEINCLUDEDWRAPPINGTHEICEINBLANKETS,WHICHKEPTTHEICEFROMDOINGITSJOBNOTUNTILNEARTHEENDOFTHENINETEENTHCENTURYDIDINVENTORSACHIEVETHEDELICATEBALANCEOFINSULATIONANDCIRCULATIONNEEDEDFORANEFFICIENTICEBOXBUTASEARLYAS1803,ANINGENIOUSMARYLANDFARMER,THOMASMOORE,HADBEENONTHERIGHTTRACKHEOWNEDAFARMABOUTTWENTYMILESOUTSIDETHECITYOFWASHINGTON,FORWHICHTHEVILLAGEOFGEORGETOWNWASTHEMARKETCENTERWHENHEUSEDANICEBOXOFHISOWNDESIGNTOTRANSPORTHISBUTTERTOMARKET,HEFOUNDTHATCUSTOMERSWOULDPASSUPTHERAPIDLYMELTINGSTUFFINTHETUBSOFHISCOMPETITORSTOPAYAPREMIUMPRICEFORHISBUTTER,STILLFRESHANDHARDINNEAT,ONEPOUNDBRICKSONEADVANTAGEOFHISICEBOX,MOOREEXPLAINED,WASTHATFARMERSWOULDNOLONGERHAVETOTRAVELTOMARKETATNIGHTINORDERTOKEEPTHEIRPRODUCECOOL1WHATDOESTHEPASSAGEMAINLYDISCUSSATHEINFLUENCEOFICEONTHEDIETBTHEDEVELOPMENTOFREFRIGERATIONCTHETRANSPORTATIONOFGOODSTOMARKETDSOURCESOFICEINTHENINETEENTHCENTURY2ACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGE,WHENDIDTHEWORD“ICEBOX“BECOMEPARTOFTHELANGUAGEOFTHEUNITEDSTATESAIN1803BSOMETIMEBEFORE1850CDURINGTHECIVILWARDNEARTHEENDOFTHENINETEENTHCENTURY3THEPHRASE“FORWARDLOOKING“INLINE4ISCLOSESTINMEANINGTOAPROGRESSIVEBPOPULARCTHRIFTYDWELLESTABLISHED4THEAUTHORMENTIONSFISHINLINE4BECAUSEAMANYFISHDEALERSALSOSOLDICEBFISHWASSHIPPEDINREFRIGERATEDFREIGHTCARSCFISHDEALERSWEREAMONGTHEEARLYCOMMERCIALUSERSOFICEDFISHWASNOTPARTOFTHEORDINARYPERSON'SDIETBEFORETHEINVENTIONOFTHEICEBOX5THEWORD“IT“INLINE5REFERSTOAFRESHMEATBTHECIVILWARCICEDAREFRIGERATOR6ACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGE,WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGWASANOBSTACLETOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEICEBOXACOMPETITIONAMONGTHEOWNERSOFREFRIGERATEDFREIGHTCARSBTHELACKOFANETWORKFORTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFICECTHEUSEOFINSUFFICIENTINSULATIONDINADEQUATEUNDERSTANDINGOFPHYSICS7THEWORD“RUDIMENTARY“INLINE12ISCLOSESTINMEANINGTOAGROWINGBUNDEVELOPEDCNECESSARYDUNINTERESTING8ACCORDINGTOTHEINFORMATIONINTHESECONDPARAGRAPH,ANIDEALICEBOXWOULDACOMPLETELYPREVENTICEFROMMELTINGBSTOPAIRFROMCIRCULATINGCALLOWICETOMELTSLOWLYDUSEBLANKETSTOCONSERVEICE9THEAUTHORDESCRIBESTHOMASMOOREASHAVINGBEEN“ONTHERIGHTTRACK“LINES1819TOINDICATETHATATHEROADTOTHEMARKETPASSEDCLOSETOMOORE'SFARMBMOOREWASANHONESTMERCHANTCMOOREWASAPROSPEROUSFARMERDMOORE'SDESIGNWASFAIRLYSUCCESSFUL10ACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGE,MOORE'SICEBOXALLOWEDHIMTOACHARGEMOREFORHISBUTTERBTRAVELTOMARKETATNIGHTCMANUFACTUREBUTTERMOREQUICKLYDPRODUCEICEALLYEARROUND11THE“PRODUCE“MENTIONEDINLINE25COULDINCLUDEAICEBOXESBBUTTERCICEDMARKETSPASSAGE2THEGEOLOGYOFTHEEARTH'SSURFACEISDOMINATEDBYTHEPARTICULARPROPERTIESOFWATERPRESENTONEARTHINSOLID,LIQUID,ANDGASEOUSSTATES,WATERISEXCEPTIONALLYREACTIVEITDISSOLVES,TRANSPORTS,ANDPRECIPITATESMANYCHEMICALCOMPOUNDSANDISCONSTANTLYMODIFYINGTHEFACEOFTHEEARTHEVAPORATEDFROMTHEOCEANS,WATERVAPORFORMSCLOUDS,SOMEOFWHICHARETRANSPORTEDBYWINDOVERTHECONTINENTSCONDENSATIONFROMTHECLOUDSPROVIDESTHEESSENTIALAGENTOFCONTINENTALEROSIONRAINPRECIPITATEDONTOTHEGROUND,THEWATERTRICKLESDOWNTOFORMBROOKS,STREAMS,ANDRIVERS,CONSTITUTINGWHATARECALLEDTHEHYDROGRAPHICNETWORKTHISIMMENSEPOLARIZEDNETWORKCHANNELSTHEWATERTOWARDASINGLERECEPTACLEANOCEANGRAVITYDOMINATESTHISENTIRESTEPINTHECYCLEBECAUSEWATERTENDSTOMINIMIZEITSPOTENTIALENERGYBYRUNNINGFROMHIGHALTITUDESTOWARDTHEREFERENCEPOINT,THATIS,SEALEVELTHERATEATWHICHAMOLECULEOFWATERPASSESTHOUGHTHECYCLEISNOTRANDOMBUTISAMEASUREOFTHERELATIVESIZEOFTHEVARIOUSRESERVOIRSIFWEDEFINERESIDENCETIMEASTHEAVERAGETIMEFORAWATERMOLECULETOPASSTHROUGHONEOFTHETHREERESERVOIRSATMOSPHERE,CONTINENT,ANDOCEANWESEETHATTHETIMESAREVERYDIFFERENTAWATERMOLECULESTAYS,ONAVERAGE,ELEVENDAYSINTHEATMOSPHERE,ONEHUNDREDYEARSONACONTINENTANDFORTYTHOUSANDYEARSINTHEOCEANTHISLASTFIGURESHOWSTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEOCEANASTHEPRINCIPALRESERVOIROFTHEHYDROSPHEREBUTALSOTHERAPIDITYOFWATERTRANSPORTONTHECONTINENTSAVASTCHEMICALSEPARATIONPROCESSTAKESPLACESDURINGTHEFLOWOFWATEROVERTHECONTINENTSSOLUBLEIONSSUCHASCALCIUM,SODIUM,POTASSIUM,ANDSOMEMAGNESIUMAREDISSOLVEDANDTRANSPORTEDINSOLUBLEIONSSUCHASALUMINUM,IRON,ANDSILICONSTAYWHERETHEYAREANDFORMTHETHIN,FERTILESKINOFSOILONWHICHVEGETATIONCANGROWSOMETIMESSOILSAREDESTROYEDANDTRANSPORTEDMECHANICALLYDURINGFLOODINGTHEEROSIONOFTHECONTINENTSTHUSRESULTSFROMTWOCLOSELYLINKEDANDINTERDEP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